Table 1.

Role and mechanism of ginsenosides in promoting osteoblast-related cell proliferation

Saponin	Cells	Research methods	Effect on cells	Dose-dependence	Mechanism	Refs.
1. Ginsenoside Rb1	Human adipose stem cells (hADSCs)	MTT assay	0.5 μmol/L Rb1 can significantly promote the proliferation of hADSCs, 6.0 μmol/L Rb1 has a significant inhibitory effect on proliferation	No		[53]
2. Ginsenoside Rb2	MC3T3-E1 cells	MTT assay	0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L Rb2 is non-toxic to cells and can inhibit cytotoxicity caused by H₂O₂ at 1 mM.	No		[54]
3. Ginsenoside Rg1	BMSC	CCK8	0.1, 1, 10 μg/mL Rg1 induced cell proliferation, the highest stimulation was in the 1 μg/mL group.	No		[55]
	Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs)	MTT assay	100 nmol/L to 10 μmol/L Rg1 can promote cell proliferation, and 100 μmol/L is cytotoxic.	Yes (100 nmol/L–10 μmol/L)		[56]
	Human dental pulp cells (hDPCs)	MTT assay, flow cytometry analysis	Rg1 can promote cell proliferation, especially in the 5 μmol/L group.	Yes (0.5, 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/L)	Cells in S phase increased and cells in G0/G1 phase decreased	[57]
	Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs)	[³H]-thymidine incorporation assay, flow cytometry analysis and gene expression profile microarray analysis	Rg1 can promote cell proliferation, especially in the 5 μmol/L group	Yes (0.5, 2.5, 5 and 10 μmol/L)	Cells in S phase increased and cells in G0/G1 phase decreased	[58]
4. Ginsenoside Rh1	MC3T3-E1 cells	MTT assay	Rh1 can promote cell proliferation	Yes (1–300 μmol/L)		[59]
5. Ginsenoside Rg5:Rk1	MC3T3-E1 cells	MTT assay	Rg5:Rk1 can promote cell proliferation	Yes (1–50 μg/mL)		[60]