Table 1.
General characteristics of participants
| Variables | Men (n = 2301) | Women (n = 3031) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st quartile | 2nd quartile | 3rd quartile | 4th quartile | Total | p | 1st quartile | 2nd quartile | 3rd quartile | 4th quartile | Total | p | |
| Age, years | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 50.0 (0.7) | 45.3 (0.8) | 43.3 (0.8) | 41.5 (0.6) | 45.0 (0.4) | < 0.001 | 47.2 (0.7) | 45.8 (0.7) | 46.4 (0.8) | 47.3 (0.8) | 46.6 (0.5) | 0.378 |
| Categories | < 0.001 | 0.059 | ||||||||||
| Young adults (19–39) | 25.5 (2.3) | 39.5 (2.8) | 44.0 (2.5) | 47.5 (2.4) | 39.2 (1.4) | 31.5 (2.1) | 37.7 (2.1) | 37.6 (2.3) | 37.1 (2.4) | 35.8 (1.3) | ||
| Middle-aged adults (40–59) | 48.0 (2.5) | 41.4 (2.3) | 39.0 (2.2) | 40.3 (2.4) | 42.1 (1.3) | 45.9 (2.0) | 41.5 (2.1) | 41.6 (1.9) | 37.9 (2.3) | 41.9 (1.1) | ||
| Older adults (60+) | 26.5 (2.0) | 19.1 (1.6) | 16.9 (1.5) | 12.3 (1.2) | 18.7 (0.9) | 22.5 (1.6) | 20.9 (1.6) | 20.9 (1.7) | 25.0 (1.8) | 22.3 (1.0) | ||
| Educational levels | < 0.001 | 0.652 | ||||||||||
| Elementary school | 14.1 (1.5) | 9.7 (1.2) | 7.3 (1.0) | 5.1 (0.8) | 9.0 (0.6) | 17.8 (1.6) | 19.5 (1.7) | 17.7 (1.7) | 19.0 (1.8) | 18.5 (1.0) | ||
| Middle school | 10.5 (1.3) | 6.9 (1.1) | 6.9 (1.2) | 8.8 (1.4) | 8.3 (0.7) | 10.5 (1.3) | 8.6 (1.1) | 9.7 (1.2) | 9.7 (1.4) | 9.6 (0.6) | ||
| High school | 36.2 (2.4) | 36.7 (2.5) | 36.4 (2.2) | 40.0 (2.6) | 37.3 (1.4) | 38.8 (1.9) | 33.9 (1.9) | 36.6 (2.3) | 34.3 (2.3) | 36.0 (1.1) | ||
| College | 39.1 (2.6) | 46.7 (2.7) | 49.4 (2.5) | 46.1 (2.6) | 45.4 (1.7) | 32.9 (2.1) | 38.0 (2.1) | 35.9 (2.8) | 37.0 (2.3) | 35.9 (1.3) | ||
| Household income levels | 0.381 | 0.817 | ||||||||||
| 1st quartile | 15.5 (1.9) | 14.3 (2.0) | 12.8 (1.6) | 12.2 (2.0) | 13.7 (1.2) | 15.4 (1.6) | 15.0 (1.6) | 17.0 (1.8) | 17.9 (2.2) | 16.2 (1.2) | ||
| 2nd quartile | 20.6 (2.2) | 24.9 (2.2) | 20.9 (2.0) | 23.9 (2.3) | 22.6 (1.2) | 24.0 (1.9) | 22.0 (2.0) | 23.5 (1.9) | 24.3 (1.9) | 23.4 (1.1) | ||
| 3rd quartile | 33.8 (2.3) | 29.1 (2.3) | 32.5 (2.5) | 28.0 (2.5) | 30.8 (1.4) | 30.7 (2.1) | 32.3 (2.1) | 28.7 (2.1) | 27.5 (2.2) | 29.9 (1.3) | ||
| 4th quartile | 30.1 (2.7) | 31.7 (2.8) | 33.8 (2.6) | 36.0 (2.7) | 32.9 (1.8) | 29.9 (2.4) | 30.7 (2.6) | 30.9 (2.6) | 30.3 (2.5) | 30.5 (1.8) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 24.0 (0.2) | 23.9 (0.1) | 24.7 (0.2) | 25.8 (0.2) | 24.6 (0.1) | < 0.001 | 22.6 (0.1) | 22.9 (0.1) | 23.4 (0.2) | 24.7 (0.2) | 23.4 (0.1) | < 0.001 |
| Categories | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| < 18.5 | 3.4 (0.8) | 3.3 (1.1) | 1.9 (0.8) | 1.2 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.4) | 6.3 (1.0) | 5.6 (0.9) | 6.3 (1.3) | 4.0 (0.9) | 5.6 (0.6) | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 61.5 (2.3) | 61.7 (2.2) | 54.3 (2.3) | 44.4 (2.5) | 55.5 (1.3) | 74.1 (1.7) | 71.9 (1.8) | 65.5 (2.0) | 51.2 (2.1) | 66.1 (1.0) | ||
| ≥ 25 | 35.1 (2.4) | 34.9 (2.3) | 43.8 (2.3) | 54.4 (2.5) | 42.1 (1.3) | 19.6 (1.6) | 22.5 (1.6) | 28.3 (1.8) | 44.8 (2.2) | 28.3 (1.1) | ||
| Presence of chronic disease | 40.6 (2.4) | 32.6 (2.0) | 27.9 (2.0) | 26.8 (2.2) | 31.9 (1.1) | < 0.001 | 34.1 (1.9) | 32.6 (1.9) | 35.4 (2.2) | 42.5 (2.3) | 36.0 (1.2) | 0.004 |
| Lifetime diagnosis of depression | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.3) | 4.2 (1.1) | 2.5 (0.4) | 0.007 | 5.8 (1.1) | 6.5 (0.9) | 5.2 (1.0) | 5.2 (1.0) | 7.3 (1.2) | 0.566 |
| Perceived health status | 0.877 | 0.030 | ||||||||||
| Fair, poor, or very poor | 65.1 (2.4) | 63.3 (2.2) | 64.8 (2.4) | 65.9 (2.2) | 64.8 (1.1) | 74.8 (1.8) | 68.5 (1.9) | 68.2 (2.1) | 72.8 (2.0) | 71.1 (1.1) | ||
| Perceived stress | 0.127 | 0.513 | ||||||||||
| Much or very much | 25.0 (2.0) | 26.0 (2.1) | 26.2 (2.0) | 31.9 (2.4) | 27.3 (0.9) | 29.5 (1.9) | 27.5 (1.8) | 27.6 (2.1) | 31.2 (2.1) | 28.9 (0.9) | ||
| Current smokers | 40.0 (2.3) | 36.8 (2.6) | 41.0 (2.7) | 40.0 (2.4) | 39.5 (1.4) | 0.637 | 3.9 (0.7) | 5.6 (1.0) | 6.8 (1.2) | 9.0 (1.5) | 6.2 (0.6) | 0.008 |
| Current drinkers | 84.4 (1.5) | 84.5 (1.8) | 91.1 (1.3) | 90.1 (1.4) | 87.6 (0.8) | 0.001 | 65.6 (1.8) | 70.9 (1.9) | 71.2 (2.0) | 70.7 (1.9) | 69.5 (1.1) | 0.091 |
| Self-reported current depression | 1.0 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.3) | 2.7 (0.9) | 1.3 (0.3) | 0.013 | 3.4 (0.8) | 4.1 (0.8) | 2.8 (0.7) | 4.6 (1.0) | 3.7 (0.4) | 0.794 |
| Current antidepressant use | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.3) | 2.3 (0.9) | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.004 | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.8 (0.7) | 1.7 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.7) | 2.5 (0.3) | 0.807 |
| PHQ-9 scores | ||||||||||||
| Mean | 2.1 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.2) | 1.9 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.1) | 0.660 | 3.1 (0.2) | 3.2 (0.2) | 3.1 (0.2) | 3.3 (0.2) | 3.2 (0.1) | 0.748 |
| ≥ 5 | 15.8 (1.9) | 14.5 (1.9) | 12.9 (1.7) | 17.1 (2.0) | 15.0 (0.9) | 0.399 | 23.7 (1.7) | 25.1 (1.8) | 23.8 (2.1) | 26.0 (1.9) | 24.7 (1.1) | 0.762 |
| ≥ 10 | 3.7 (0.8) | 4.0 (1.0) | 3.5 (0.8) | 4.3 (1.2) | 3.9 (0.5) | 0.927 | 6.9 (1.0) | 7.1 (1.1) | 6.5 (1.1) | 7.5 (1.3) | 7.0 (0.6) | 0.932 |
| CRP, mg/L, mean | 1.52 (0.14) | 1.14 (0.10) | 1.17 (0.08) | 1.50 (0.10) | 1.33 (0.05) | 0.007 | 0.93 (0.07) | 0.86 (0.05) | 1.10 (0.08) | 1.43 (0.09) | 1.08 (0.04) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, mean | 96.5 (0.8) | 96.6 (0.9) | 97.0 (0.8) | 95.8 (0.9) | 96.5 (0.5) | 0.759 | 103.8 (0.7) | 102.5 (0.6) | 100.2 (0.7) | 97.7 (0.8) | 101.1 (0.4) | < 0.001 |
Values are presented using means or proportions with standard errors
BMI body mass index, CRP C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, EQ-5D EuroQol-5 Dimensions, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire