TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of included and excluded participants in analysis 1: impact of PRS on psychosis risk prediction in persons at clinical high risk and unaffected comparison subjectsa
| Characteristic | Clinical High Risk, Psychosis Converter | Clinical High Risk, Nonconverter | Unaffected Comparison Subjects | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excludedb (N=14) | Included (N=80) | Excludedc (N=422) | Included (N=248) | Excludedd (N=63) | Included (N=216) | |||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Age (years) | 16.90 | 4.01 | 18.27 | 3.50 | 18.24 | 4.15 | 19.09 | 4.53 | 19.21 | 4.48 | 19.91 | 4.71 |
| Maternal educatione | 6.23 | 1.42 | 6.54 | 1.73 | 6.29 | 1.66 | 6.35 | 1.54 | 6.97 | 1.47 | 6.79 | 1.49 |
| Paternal educatione | 5.62 | 1.89 | 6.42 | 1.78 | 6.20 | 1.77 | 6.28 | 1.66 | 6.61 | 1.56 | 6.51 | 1.68 |
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Male | 9 | 64.3 | 50 | 62.5 | 238 | 56.5 | 138 | 55.6 | 32 | 50.8 | 109 | 50.5 |
| Family history of psychosis | 2 | 14.3 | 16 | 20.3 | 54 | 12.9 | 45 | 18.1 | ||||
| Psychiatric diagnoses | ||||||||||||
| Schizophrenia spectrum disordersf | 7 | 50.0 | 34 | 40.0 | ||||||||
| Psychosis not otherwise specified | 6 | 42.9 | 28 | 35.0 | ||||||||
| Major depression with psychosis | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.3 | ||||||||
| Bipolar disorder with psychosis | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 7.5 | ||||||||
| Unknown | 1 | 7.1 | 11 | 13.7 | ||||||||
| Self-reported ancestry | ||||||||||||
| European | 6 | 42.9 | 47 | 58.8 | 252 | 60.0 | 136 | 54.8 | 31 | 49.2 | 121 | 56.0 |
| African (e.g., African, African Caribbean) | 1 | 7.1 | 11 | 13.8 | 53 | 12.6 | 53 | 21.4 | 6 | 9.5 | 42 | 19.4 |
| Interracial | 4 | 28.6 | 10 | 12.5 | 50 | 11.9 | 33 | 13.3 | 12 | 19.0 | 17 | 7.9 |
| Central or South American | 2 | 14.3 | 2 | 2.5 | 22 | 5.2 | 8 | 3.2 | 5 | 7.9 | 8 | 3.7 |
| South Asian (e.g., East Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan) | 1 | 7.1 | 3 | 3.8 | 8 | 1.9 | 6 | 2.4 | 1 | 1.6 | 7 | 3.2 |
| East Asian (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, Korean) | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 5.0 | 22 | 5.2 | 7 | 2.8 | 5 | 7.9 | 17 | 7.9 |
| First Nations (e.g., North American Indian, Métis, Inuit) | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.2 | 7 | 1.7 | 3 | 1.2 | 1 | 1.6 | 3 | 1.4 |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 |
| West/Central Asian and Middle Eastern (e.g., Egyptian, Lebanese, Emirati [United Arab Emirates], Afghan, Iranian) | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 1.2 | 5 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.4 | 1 | 1.6 | 1 | 0.5 |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
There were no significant differences between excluded and included individuals in any of the three groupings except in age for the clinical high-risk nonconverter group (p=0.014) and in self-reported ancestry for the unaffected comparison group (p=0.05).
Reasons for exclusion among psychosis converters: no DNA sample available (N=12), did not meet high-risk criteria from the Criteria for Psychosis-Risk States (N=2).
Reasons for exclusion among nonconverters: sibling exclusion (N=3), only did not meet high-risk criteria from the Criteria for Psychosis-Risk States (N=6), only no DNA sample available (N=25), only less than 2 years of follow-up (N=239), no DNA sample available and did not meet high-risk criteria from the Criteria of Psychosis-Risk States (N=3), less than 2 years of follow-up and did not meet high-risk criteria from the Criteria of Psychosis Risk States (N=5), less than 2 years of follow-up and no DNA sample available (N=131), less than 2 years of follow-up and sibling exclusion (N=5), less than 2 years of follow-up and no DNA sample available and did not meet high-risk criteria from the Criteria of Psychosis-Risk States (N=5).
Reasons for exclusion for unaffected individuals: sibling exclusion (N=11), no DNA sample available (N=52).
Parental education is scaled from 1 to 9, where 1=no schooling, 2=some primary school, 3=completed primary school, 4=some high school, 5=completed high school, 6=some college/technical school/undergraduate, 7=completed college/technical school/undergraduate, 8=some graduate/professional school, and 9=completed graduate/professional school.
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders included schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder.