Table 1.

Study characteristics

Study	Year	Country	Study design	N	Age (y) Mean (SD)*	Patient diagnoses	Tracheostomy manipulation	Swallow outcomes
								Instrumentation	Measures
Amathieu et al. [41]	2012	France	Case series	12	37.0	Traumaa	Cuffb	EMG and accelerometry	Quantitative
Davis et al. [46]	2002	USA	Case series	12	60.0	Medical, respiratoryc	Cuffd	VFSS	Impairment
Elpern et al. [48]	2000	USA	Case series	15	60.1 (14.4)	Cardiothoracic, medical, neurogenic, trauma, respiratorye	Valvef	VFSS	Impairment
Donzelli et al. [42]	2006	USA	TCase series	40	62.8 (12.0)	Medical, neurogenic, respiratoryg	Occlusionh	FEES	Impairment
Leder [39]	1999	USA	Case series	20‡	68.0 (13.0)	Cardiothoracic, medical, neurogenic, surgical, trauma, respiratoryi	Valvef	FEES	Impairment
Leder et al. [40]	2001	USA	Case series	11	64.3 (15.4)	Medical, respiratoryj	Occlusionk	Manometry	Quantitative
Leder et al. [43]	1996	USA	Case series	19	61.0 (21.0)	Cardiothoracic, medical, neurogenic, respiratoryl	Occlusionm	VFSS	Impairment
Ledl and Ullrich [45]	2017	Germany	Case series	20	61.5 (12.8)	Neurogenicn	Occlusionm	FEES and manometry	Impairment; quantitative
Ohmae et al. [47]	2006	Japan	Case series	16	67.3 (13.0)	Respiratory, medical, cardiothoracico	Valvef	FEES and VFSS	Impairment; quantitative
Suiter et al. [44]	2003	USA	Case series	18	19–80 (range)	Cardiothoracic, neurogenic, respiratoryp	Cuff, valveq	VFSS	Impairment; quantitative

ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome; CABG coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CHF congestive heart failure; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA cerebral vascular accident; EMG electromyography; FEES fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing; MVA motor vehicle accident; N patients who meet inclusion criteria for this review; PNA pneumonia; SD standard deviation; VFSS videofluoroscopic swallowing study; y year

^aThoracic/abdominal. ^bCuff pressure variations: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm H₂O. ^cMulti-organ failure, sepsis, ARDS, pneumonia. ^dInflation/deflation comparison. ^eMultiple trauma, CABG, CVA, CHF, PNA, lung cancer, smoke inhalation, COPD. ^f ± one-way speaking valve. ^gHeart failure, CVA, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, respiratory failure. ^hDigital occlusion, one-way speaking valve, cap. ⁱThoracic aortic aneurysm, post-operative CVA, adult-onset diabetes, perforated duodenal ulcer repair, MVA, cancer, CVA, nephrectomy, hemicolectomy, esophagectomy, bowel resection, incarcerated hernia repair, ARDS, Legionnaire’s disease, respiratory failure. ^jCHF, subglottic stenosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cardiac arrest, PNA, COPD, ARDS. ^k ± digital occlusion. ^lCoronary artery disease, colon cancer, necrotic left lung, human immunodeficiency virus, MVA, liver cirrhosis, cancer, assault/multiple facial and non-facial trauma, quadriplegia, CVA, PNA, ARDS, COPD, cardio-pulmonary disease. ^m ± occlusion (method unspecified). ⁿCVA. ^oRespiratory failure, pharyngeal edema, heart failure. ^pCABG, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, closed head injury, COPD, ARDS. ^qCuff inflation vs. deflation, cuff inflation vs. one-way speaking valve, cuff deflation vs. one-way speaking valve

^*Unless otherwise stated

^‡13 patients did not receive FEES following speaking valve removal therefore this FEES data not included herein