Appendix Table D.

Covariate Balance before and after Propensity Score Matching

Covariate	Imputed Dataset = 1						= 2	= 3	= 4	= 5	= 24	= 25
	Unadjusted Mean		Adjusted Mean		SB	p	p	p	p	p	p	p
	Treated	Control	Treated	Control
School and Neighborhood Covariates
School majority black	0.41	0.29 ***	0.41	0.42	−1.0	0.870	0.959	0.988	0.834	0.927	0.976	0.881
School majority Hispanic	0.22	0.21	0.22	0.21	3.1	0.609	0.738	0.686	0.657	0.663	0.709	0.625
School majority free/reduced-price lunch	0.77	0.59 ***	0.77	0.78	−2.3	0.679	0.799	0.749	0.710	0.884	0.820	0.811
School out-of-school suspension rate	0.17	0.13 ***	0.17	0.17	−3.6	0.554	0.754	0.611	0.590	0.632	0.659	0.691
Neighborhood disadvantage	0.10	−0.14 ***	0.10	0.11	−0.4	0.952	0.849	0.864	0.882	0.953	0.827	0.970
Other Covariates
Father incarcerated by Y1	0.53	0.21 ***	0.53	0.51	4.4	0.497	0.484	0.565	0.550	0.517	0.587	0.605
Child male	0.53	0.52	0.53	0.52	0.4	0.943	0.902	0.979	0.867	0.810	0.926	0.660
Child Non-Hispanic black	0.60	0.43 ***	0.60	0.60	0.1	0.992	0.805	0.888	0.850	0.948	0.950	0.970
Child Hispanic	0.27	0.31 *	0.27	0.26	1.9	0.741	0.866	0.723	0.720	0.737	0.723	0.776
Child age in months	61.65	61.33 *	61.65	61.61	1.3	0.825	0.866	0.661	0.772	0.947	0.751	0.849
Father age	25.64	29.30 ***	25.64	25.67	−0.4	0.937	0.971	0.973	0.885	0.903	0.968	0.920
Mother criminal justice contact	0.28	0.15 ***	0.28	0.28	0.9	0.886	0.972	0.825	0.932	0.918	0.781	0.806
Father impulsivity	0.18	−0.24 ***	0.18	0.14	4.1	0.513	0.444	0.490	0.420	0.729	0.542	0.541
Mother impulsivity	0.22	−0.11 ***	0.22	0.20	1.4	0.813	0.930	0.979	0.897	0.889	0.978	0.932
Father substance abuse	0.22	0.08 ***	0.22	0.21	2.2	0.744	0.792	0.622	0.639	0.804	0.724	0.807
Mother’s violence victimization by father	0.16	0.08 ***	0.16	0.16	0.9	0.894	0.960	0.822	0.698	0.880	0.957	0.903
Father and mother married at Y0	0.09	0.37 ***	0.09	0.08	2.6	0.534	0.576	0.570	0.565	0.602	0.636	0.589
Father and mother cohabiting at Y0	0.49	0.40 ***	0.49	0.49	−1.8	0.762	0.653	0.706	0.742	0.692	0.770	0.668
Mother has post-secondary schooling	0.23	0.44 ***	0.23	0.24	−1.4	0.791	0.792	0.764	0.808	0.789	0.804	0.807
Father has post-secondary schooling	0.16	0.41 ***	0.16	0.15	1.9	0.706	0.779	0.617	0.783	0.776	0.668	0.792
Either parent material hardship	0.70	0.47 ***	0.70	0.70	−0.6	0.922	0.877	0.832	0.815	0.862	0.872	0.860
Mother depression	0.20	0.13 ***	0.20	0.19	2.0	0.750	0.775	0.927	0.806	0.658	0.842	0.866
Either parent not a US citizen	0.07	0.16 ***	0.07	0.07	0.6	0.908	0.910	0.956	0.983	0.910	0.958	0.896
Mother lived with both parents at age 15	0.33	0.48 ***	0.33	0.33	0.2	0.971	0.927	0.874	0.914	0.969	0.964	0.843
Father lived with both parents at age 15	0.33	0.52 ***	0.33	0.34	−3.3	0.569	0.480	0.503	0.584	0.555	0.525	0.514
Mother religious attendance	0.17	0.24 ***	0.17	0.17	0.2	0.972	0.927	0.923	0.962	0.893	0.797	0.934
Mother cognitive ability	−0.05	0.08 **	−0.05	−0.03	−2.0	0.729	0.561	0.740	0.593	0.714	0.838	0.543
Father cognitive ability	−0.10	0.04 **	−0.10	−0.08	−2.4	0.666	0.599	0.922	0.782	0.806	0.785	0.805
Child low birth weight	0.11	0.08 *	0.11	0.12	−0.9	0.892	0.726	0.998	0.750	0.780	0.962	0.894
Number of children in mother household	2.42	2.23 *	2.42	2.46	−3.2	0.617	0.570	0.720	0.426	0.773	0.725	0.708

Notes: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Sample limited to observations with nonmissing values for survey items about the child’s experience with suspension or expulsion by Y9. Children with deceased/unknown fathers by Y5 or whose fathers were not living with them at Y1 are excluded. Matching conducted with kernel matching. For first of 25 multiply imputed datasets, treated N = 566, control N = 1,655. Sample-city covariates not shown. Y0 = baseline (birth); Y1 = one-year follow-up survey; Y9 = nine-year follow-up. SB = standardized bias; p = p-value for independent samples t-test between treated and control groups. Asterisks represent statistical significance for t-tests of unadjusted data.

^***p<.001

^**p<.01

^*p<.05 (two-tailed)