Table 3.
Associations between compliance in each domain and facility and health worker characteristics
|
Hand hygiene (n=8651) |
Glove use (n=4912) |
Disinfection of reusable equipment (n=751) |
Waste management (n=4296) |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compliance, n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | p value | Compliance, n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | p value | Compliance, n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | p value | Compliance, n/N (%) | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Facility characteristics | |||||||||||||
| Facility level and ownership | |||||||||||||
| Private for-profit dispensaries | 169/2711 (6·2%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 1129/1496 (75·5%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 14/306 (4·6%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 625/1272 (49·1%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| Private for-profit health centres | 64/752 (8·5%) | 1·68 (0·59–4·76) | 0·326 | 275/385 (71·4%) | 1·01 (0·47–2·17) | 0·974 | 0/0 | .. | .. | 139/336 (41·4%) | 0·74 (0·31–1·77) | 0·498 | |
| Faith-based organisation dispensaries | 73/1166 (6·3%) | 0·86 (0·35–2·17) | 0·750 | 530/664 (79·8%) | 1·64 (0·86–3·15) | 0·133 | 4/124 (3·2%) | 1·52 (0·06–36·0) | 0·797 | 286/584 (49·0%) | 0·74 (0·35–1·55) | 0·420 | |
| Faith-based organisation health centres | 200/1958 (10·2%) | 1·91 (0·83–4·39) | 0·129 | 803/1131 (71·0%) | 0·83 (0·46–1·52) | 0·548 | 9/161 (5·6%) | 1·76 (0·09–36·30) | 0·713 | 363/993 (36·6%) | 0·36 (0·18–0·72) | 0·0037 | |
| Faith-based organisation hospitals | 86/2064 (4·2%) | 0·87 (0·35–2·17) | 0·768 | 937/1236 (75·8%) | 1·32 (0·70–2·50) | 0·384 | 13/160 (8·1%) | 14·1 (0·48–378·96) | 0·122 | 446/1111 (40·1%) | 0·46 (0·22–0·95) | 0·037 | |
| Facility location | |||||||||||||
| Dar es Salaam | 92/1413 (6·5%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 629/792 (79·4%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 7/140 (5·0%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 338/687 (49·2%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| Other urban or peri-urban location | 273/3952 (6·9%) | 1·25 (0·55–2·80) | 0·594 | 1632/2235 (73·0%) | 0·73 (0·41–1·30) | 0·279 | 19/318 (6·0%) | 2·93 (0·16–52·42) | 0·466 | 780/1940 (40·2%) | 0·66 (0·34–1·26) | 0·210 | |
| Rural location | 227/3286 (6·9%) | 0·87 (0·35–2·21) | 0·778 | 1413/1885 (75·0%) | 0·62 (0·32–1·21) | 0·162 | 14/293 (4·8%) | 0·36 (0·01-12·3) | 0·570 | 741/1669 (44·4%) | 1·13 (0·54–2·38) | 0·741 | |
| Staff characteristics | |||||||||||||
| Age, years | |||||||||||||
| <30 | 239/3533 (6·8%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 1893/2333 (81·1%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 15/209 (7·2%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 964/2125 (45·4%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| 30–49 | 209/3031 (6·9%) | 1·09 (0·81–1·46) | 0·575 | 1379/1815 (76·0%) | 0·64 (0·50–0·82) | 0·0004 | 18/227 (7·9%) | 2·44 (0·26–22·9) | 0·436 | 715/1637 (43·7%) | 0·83 (0·62–1·09) | 0·182 | |
| ≥50 | 144/2087 (6·9%) | 0·89 (0·63–1·26) | 0·525 | 402/764 (52·6%) | 0·33 (0·23–0·45) | <0·0001 | 7/315 (2·2%) | 0·09 (0·01–1·51) | 0·095 | 180/534 (33·7%) | 0·74 (0·48–1·15) | 0·185 | |
| Gender | |||||||||||||
| Male | 269/5474 (4·9%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 1997/2780 (71·8%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 30/627 (4·8%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 985/2336 (42·2%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| Female | 323/3177 (10·2%) | 1·90 (1·45–2·50) | <0·0001 | 1677/2132 (78·7%) | 0·89 (0·70–1·13) | 0·342 | 10/124 (8·1%) | 2·09 (0·19–22·5) | 0·542 | 874/1960 (44·6%) | 1·01 (0·77–1·33) | 0·945 | |
| Cadre | |||||||||||||
| Medical doctor | 46/588 (7·8%) | 1·19 (0·72–1·95) | 0·500 | 34/117 (29·1%) | 0·57 (0·32–1·02) | 0·058 | 7/102 (6·9%) | 1·11 (0·06–20·87) | 0·945 | 18/40 (45·0%) | NS | NS | |
| Assistant medical officer or clinical officer | 188/3054 (6·2%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 182/558 (32·6%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 31/635 (4·9%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | 102/163 (62·6%) | 1·00 (ref) | .. | |
| Nurse or midwife | 167/751 (22·2%) | 5·80 (3·91–8·61) | <0·0001 | 396/485 (81·6%) | 10·06 (6·68–15·13) | <0·0001 | 0/0 | .. | .. | 244/450 (54·2%) | 0·82 (0·44–1·52) | 0·524 | |
| Nursing or medical assistant | 115/888 (13·0%) | 2·65 (1·67–4·20) | <0·0001 | 468/616 (76·0%) | 5·93 (4·05–8·71) | <0·0001 | 1/9 (11·1%) | NS | NS | 266/590 (45·1%) | 0·58 (0·32–1·06) | 0·076 | |
| Laboratory technician or assistant | 76/3370 (2·3%) | 0·27 (0·17–0·43) | <0·0001 | 2594/3136 (82·7%) | 11·95 (8·98–15·89) | <0·0001 | 1/5 (20·0%) | NS | NS | 1229/3053 (40·3%) | 0·25 (0·14–0·44) | <0·0001 | |
Results are from multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models. Each of the four models adjusts for facility and patient characteristics (as reported), as well as an indicator for each indication within the infection prevention and control domain (not reported). OR=odds ratio. NS=not shown (fewer than 50 observations done).