Table 5.
Main findings of clinical trials on the antiviral activity of CQ and its derivatives on CoVs and non-CoVs.
| Drug | Virus | Design | Dose mg/day | Total No. | Main Findings | Year Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HCQ + AZT | SARS-CoV-2 | SAOLS | 600 mg/day (10 days) | 42 | ↓ viral loada | 2020 [162] |
| HCQ | SARS-CoV-2 | RCT | 400 mg/day (5 days) | 62 | ↓ Recovery time | 2020 [163] |
| HCQ | SARS-CoV-2 | Pilot | 400 mg/day (5 days) | 30 | Ineffectiveb | 2020 [165] |
| HCQ + AZT | SARS-CoV-2 | OS | 600 mg/day (10 days) | 80 | ↓ viral load | 2020 [164] |
| HCQ + AZT | SARS-CoV-2 | SAOLS | 600 mg/day (10 days) | 11 | Ineffectivec | 2020 [166] |
| CQ | Influenza A/B | RDBPCS | 500 mg/day (1 week) Once a week (11 weeks) |
1516 | Ineffective | 2011 [155] |
| CQ | DENV | RDBPCS | 600 mg/day (day 1 and 2) 300 mg/day (day 3) |
307 | Ineffectived | 2010 [156] |
| CQ | DENV | RDBPCS | 500 mg/day BID (3 days) | 37 | Ineffectivee | 2013 [158] |
| CQ | CHIKV | RDBPCS | 600 mg (day 1) 300 mg (BID, days 2 and 3) 300 mg (days 4 and 5) |
54 | Ineffectivef | 2008 [157] 2018 [133] |
| HCQ | HIV 1 | Case report | 600 mg/day | 2 | ↓ viral loadg | 1996 [169] |
| HCQ | HIV 1 | RDBPCS | 800 mg/day (8 weeks) | 40 | ↓ viral load Stable CD4+ level ↓ serum IL-6 & IgG |
1995 [170] |
| HCQ | HIV 1 | RDBS | 800 mg/day (16 weeks) | 72 | ↓ viral load Stable CD4+ level ↓ serum IL-6 & IgG |
1997 [159] |
| HCQ | HIV | RDBPCS | 400 mg/day (42 weeks) | 83 | Ineffective ↑ viral load ↓ CD4+ level |
2012 [161] |
| CQ – ART | HIV | RDBPCS | 250 mg/day (12 weeks) | 33 | ↑ viral replication | 2016 [171] |
| CQ + ART | HIV | RDBPCS | 250 mg/day (12 weeks) | 37 | ↓ Immune cell activation | 2016 [171] |
HCQ: Hydroxychloroquine; AZT: Azithromycin; CQ: Chloroquine; ART: Antiretroviral therapy; SARS-CoV-2: Sever acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2; DENV: Dengue Virus; CHIKV: Chikungunya virus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; SAOLS: Single arm open labelled study; RCT: Randomized clinical trial; OS: Observational study; RDBPCS: Randomized double blind placebo controlled study; RDBS: Randomized double blinded study; BID: Twice per day.
Small sample size study, 1 death and 3 transferred to ICU among 26 patients treated with HCQ + AZT.
1 patient developed to sever stage.
1 death, 2 transferred to ICU, 1 complained of QT interval prolongation among 11 patients treated with HCQ + AZT.
Longer duration of DENV viremia, CQ was associated with a significant reduction in fever clearance time.
Temporary improvement in the quality of life.
Delayed immune response and more frequent arthralgia in treated group.
In one patient.