. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 May 6.

Published in final edited form as: Food Funct. 2019 Oct 16;10(10):6227–6243. doi: 10.1039/c9fo01426h

Table 4.

Clinical studies on the effects of dietary berry intervention in adults with T2D

Reference (year)	Participants	Study design	Intervention	Significant findings
Schell et al. (2019)⁸³	Adults with T2D on medications sample size: n = 25	Randomized, 2- phase crossover study	Phase 1: Postprandial response (4 h) to raspberry supplementation (Tx1); or control meal (Cx1)	↓2-Hour and 4-hour BG in Tx1 vs. Cx1
			Phase 2: Raspberry supplementation (Tx2) or controlled diet without raspberries (Cx1) followed by 2-week washout; for 10 weeks	↓4-Hour IL-6 and hsTNF-α in Tx1 vs. Cx1 ↓IL-6 and hsTNF-α in Tx2 vs. Cx2
Lazavi et al. (2018)⁸⁸	Adults with T2D on medications sample size: n = 42	Randomized, controlled, parallel-arm study	Barberry juice 200 mL day⁻¹ (Tx1); or non-intervention group (Cx1) for eight weeks	↓SBP, DBP, FBG, total cholesterol, and triglycerides in Tx1 ↑Paraoxonase-1 in Tx1 vs. Cx1
Schell et al. (2017)¹⁰⁴	Adults with T2D and WC > 89 cm (females) or >102 cm (males) on medications sample size: n = 25	Randomized, crossover parallel-arm postprandial (4 h) study	High-fat fast-food-style breakfast (70 g fat, 974 kcal) with dried cranberries 40 g (Tx1) or banana 80 g (Cx1)	↓2-Hour and 4-hour glucose in Tx1
Yang et al. (2017)⁸⁵	Adults with prediabetes or early untreated T2D sample size: n = 138	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study	Anthocyanin capsules (bilberry & black currant) 320 mg day⁻¹ (Tx1); or placebo-capsule (Cx1) for 12 weeks	↓HbA_1C, LCL-c, apo A₁, apo B in Tx1 vs. Cx1
Cai et al. (2015)⁸⁹	Adults with T2D on medications sample size: n = 67	Randomized, controlled, parallel-arm study	Goji berry capsule 300 mg day⁻¹ (Tx1); or placebo capsule (Cx1) for 3 months	↓BG and ↑OMTT insulinogenic index and HDLs in Tx1
Moazen et al. (2013)⁸⁴	Adults with T2D, nonsmokers, not on medications sample size: n = 36	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study	Strawberries freeze-dried ∼500 g day⁻¹ fresh-equivalent (Tx1); or flavor- and macronutrient-matched placebo powder (Cx1) for six weeks	↓CRP, MDA from baseline in Tx1 ↓HbA_1C and ↑total antioxidants with control in Tx1
Shidfar et al. (2012)⁸²	Adult males with T2D sample size: n = 58	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study	Cranberry juice drink 1 cup per day (Tx1); or placebo (Cx1) for 12 weeks	↓BG and apolipoprotein B in Tx1 vs. Cx1 and baseline ↑Apolipoprotein A1 and paraoxonase-1 activity in Tx1 vs. Cx1 and baseline
Wilson et al. (2010)⁸¹	Adults with T2D on medications sample size: n = 13	Randomized, single-crossover postprandial (2 h) study	Raw cranberry 55 g (Tx1); or sweetened dried cranberries 40 g (Tx2); or reduced-sugar dried cranberries 40 g (Tx3); or white bread 57 g (Tx4)	↑BG elevation persistence in Tx4 vs. other Tx groups ↓ 60 min plasma insulin in Tx3 vs. Tx2 and Tx4 ↓Insulin AUC Tx1 and Tx3 vs. Tx2 and Tx4

Abbreviations: apo: apolipoprotein, AUC: area under the curve, BP: blood pressure, CRP: C-reactive protein, Cx: control group, DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus, FBG: fasting blood glucose; FDS: freeze-dried strawberries, HbA_1C: glycated hemoglobin, HDL: high-density lipoprotein, hsTNF: high-sensitivity tumor necrosis factor, IL: interleukin, MDA: malondialdehyde, SBP: systolic blood pressure; Tx: treatment group, OMTT: oral metabolic tolerance test, WC: waist circumference.