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. 2020 Apr 10;6(4):e03753. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03753

Table 2.

Awareness in females about the symptoms and risk factors of breast cancer.

Statements Yes No Don't know
Symptoms of breast cancer
  • 1.

    Changed nipple position

138 (27.6%) 362 (72.4%)
  • 2.

    Pulling in of nipple

500 (100.0%)
  • 3.

    Pain in one of breasts or armpit

289 (57.8%) 211 (42.2%)
  • 4.

    Dimpling of breast skin

55 (11.0%) 445 (89.0%)
  • 5.

    Discharge or bleeding from nipple

26 (5.2%) 474 (94.8%)
  • 6.

    Lump or thickening in breast

500 (100.0%)
  • 7.

    Redness of breast skin

310 (62.0%) 190 (38.0%)
  • 8.

    Lump or thickening under armpit

357 (71.4%) 143 (28.6%)
  • 9.

    Changes in the size and shape


195 (39.0%)
305 (61.0%)

Risk factors of breast cancer
  • 1.

    Genetic makeup of individual

500 (100.0%)
  • 2.

    Advancing age

500 (100.0%)
  • 3.

    Avoiding breast feeding

330 (66.0%) 165 (33.0%) 5 (1.0%)
  • 4.

    Painless lump or thickening in breast

87 (17.4%) 413 (82.6%)
  • 5.

    First childbirth at age above 30 years

26 (5.2%) 474 (94.8%)
  • 6.

    Null parity

5 (1.0%) 460 (92.0%) 35 (7.0%)
  • 7.

    Menarche below 11 years

327 (65.4%) 173 (34.6%)
  • 8.

    Frequent use of oral contraceptive pills

450 (90.0%) 20 (4.0%) 30 (6.0%)
  • 9.

    Trauma/breast injury

49 (9.8%) 451 (90.2%)
  • 10.

    Late menopause

412 (82.4%) 48 (9.6%) 40 (8.0%)
  • 11.

    Hormone replacement therapy

500 (100.0%)
  • 12.

    High fats intake or obesity

21 (4.2%) 479 (95.8%)