Table 1.

Model constants

Symbol	Value	Descriptions
$k^{\mathrm{v}}$	20	Volume elasticity
$k^{\mathrm{s}}$	0.256	Area elasticity
$k^{\mathrm{h}}$	0.1	Height elasticity
$k^{\mathrm{r}}$	0.0–$1.6\times {10}^{-2}$	Restraint constant
$k^{\mathrm{sc}}$	40	Self-collision energy constant
$v^{\mathrm{eq}}$	1.0	Cell volume at stress free state
$s^{\mathrm{eq}}$	$2v^{\mathrm{eq}}/h^{\mathrm{eq}}+2\sqrt{2\sqrt{3}{v}^{\mathrm{eq}}{h}^{\mathrm{eq}}}$	Cell surface area (hexagonal prism) at stress free state
$h^{\mathrm{eq}}$	1.0	Cell height at stress free state
$\sigma$	1.0	Collision threshold distance
${\tau }_{\mathrm{cc}}$	1000	Mean cell cycle time
${\sigma }_{\mathrm{cc}}$	10	Standard deviation of the cell cycle time
$\eta$	0.25	Friction coefficient of vertex
$\Delta t$	$2.0\times {10}^{-4}$	Time step size for numerical integration of Eq. (1)