Table 4.

Toxicity values for Rhodomonas salina and other marine microalgae. Herbicide toxicity to microalgae including data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) ECOTOX Database⁹⁴ and other publications using similar methods as those used in the present study (i.e. experimental conditions, ecological endpoint).

Herbicide	Phyla	Species	Duration	Endpoint growth (µg L−1)		Endpoint ΔF/Fm′ (µg L−1)		Reference
				EC10	EC50	EC10	EC50
Metribuzin	Crypto-phyta	Rhodomonas salina	3 d; 24 h	2.7	13	0.60	3.0	Present study
	Ochro-phyta	Skeletonema costatum	5 d		88			USEPA94
Bromacil	Crypto-phyta	Rhodomonas salina	3 d; 24 h	4.9	19	0.59	3.6	Present study
	Ochro-phyta	Skeletonema costatum	5 d		25			USEPA94
Hexazinone	Crypto-phyta	Rhodomonas salina	3 d; 24 h	4.0	8.5	1.8	5.9	Present study
	Ochro-phyta	Navicula sp.	3 d	6.5	27	3.3	16	Magnusson et al.23
		Navicula sp.	4 h			1.4	5.7	Magnusson et al.47
		Phaeodactylum tricornutum	4 h			1.7	6.6	Magnusson et al.47
		Phaeodactylum tricornutum	2 h			2.9	22	Muller et al.49
		Cylindrotheca closteriuma	4 h			1.7	6.9	Magnusson et al.47
	Chloro-phyta	Nephroselmis pyriformis	3 d	4.8	10	2.1	6.2	Magnusson et al.23
		Nephroselmis pyriformis	4 h			0.47	2.4	Magnusson et al.47
		Dunaliella sp.	24 h				38	Mercurio et al.58
	Dino-flagellata	Symbiodinium sp.	24 h				46	Mercurio et al.58
		Symbiodinium sp.	10 h				8.8	Jones and Kerswell21
Tebuthiuron	Crypto-phyta	Rhodomonas salina	3 d; 24 h	28	112	2.7	16	Present study
	Ochro-phyta	Skeletonema costatum	5 d		60			USEPA94
		Navicula sp.	4 h			17	94	Magnusson et al.47
		Phaeodactylum tricornutum	4 h			7.6	51	Magnusson et al.47
		Cylindrotheca closteriuma	4 h			10	77	Magnusson et al.47
	Chloro-phyta	Nephroselmis pyriformis	4 h			2.3	12	Magnusson et al.47
	Dino-flagellata	Symbiodinium sp.	10 h				175	Jones and Kerswell21
Simazine	Crypto-phyta	Rhodomonas salina	3 d; 24 h	38	184	9.3	59	Present study
	Ochro-phyta	Skeletonema costatum	5 d		60			USEPA94
		Ceratoneis closterium	96 h	310				Hook et al.95
		Phaeodactylum tricornutum	3 d	100	580			Osborn and Hook57
		Phaeodactylum tricornutuma	4 h			11	101	Magnusson et al.47
		Phaeodactylum tricornutum	2 h			18	400	Muller et al.49
		Navicula sp.	4 h			24	157	Magnusson et al.47
		Cylindrotheca closteriuma	4 h			35	242	Magnusson et al.47
	Chloro-phyta	Nephroselmis pyriformis	4 h			3.7	24	Magnusson et al.47
		Dunaliella sp.	24 h				87	Mercurio et al.58
	Dino-flagellata	Symbiodinium sp.	24 h				84	Mercurio et al.58
		Symbiodinium sp.	10 h				150	Jones and Kerswell21
Propazine	Crypto-phyta	Rhodomonas salina	3 d; 24 h	42	188	5.9	40	Present study
	Ochro-phyta	Skeletonema costatum	5 d		25			USEPA94
Imazapic	Crypto-phyta	Rhodomonas salina	3 d; 24 h	410,000	790,000			Present study
	Ochro-phyta	Skeletonema costatum	5 d		<45			USEPA94
		Nephroselmis pyriformis	3,5,10 d		<1,455			Magnusson et al.69
		Navicula sp.	3,5,10 d		<1,455			Magnusson et al.69
Haloxyfop	Crypto-phyta	Rhodomonas salina	3 d; 24 h	>3,700	>3,700	>3,700	>3,700	Present study
2,4-D	Crypto-phyta	Rhodomonas salina	3 d; 24 h	>279,000	>279,000	>93,000	>93,000	Present study
	Ochro-phyta	Skeletonema costatum	5 d		>2,000			USEPA94
		Chaetoceros calcitrans	21 d		9,200			His and Seaman96
	Chloro-phyta	Dunaliella tertiolecta	1 h				160,220	Mcfeters97
		Dunaliella tertiolecta	24 h				246,500	Mcfeters97