Table 1.
Demographic and household characteristics of study participants.
| 4–8 wks old PCV-unvacc’d (n = 346) | 18 wks–1 yr old PCV-vacc’d (n = 566) | 2 yrs old PCV-vacc’d (n = 499) | 3–7 yrs old PCV-vacc’d (n = 2565) | 3–10 yrs old PCV-unvacc’d (n = 1402) | 18–40 yrs old HIV-infected on ART PCV-unvacc’d (n = 1770) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age yrs, median, (SD) [range] | 0.13 (0.018) [0.08–0.17] | 1.19 (0.46) [0.35–1.99] | 2.50 (0.28) [2.0–2.99] | 4.14 (0.95) [3.0–7.9] | 8.49 (1.63) [3.6–10.99] | 33.55 (5.83) [18.0–40.9] |
| Gender, male n (%) | 179 (51.7) | 296 (52.3) | 244 (48.9) | 1271 (49.6) | 718 (51.2) | 559 (31.96)c |
| PCV received n (%)a,b | ||||||
| 1 dose only | — | 1 (02) | 0 | 26 (1.2) | — | — |
| 2 doses only | 7 (1.2) | 1 (0.2) | 19 (0.9) | |||
| 3 doses | 558 (98.6) | 498 (99.8) | 2051 (97.9) | |||
| Household crowdingd | ||||||
| Crowding index, mean (median)e | 2.5 (2.3) | 2.6 (2.5) | 2.5 (2.3) | 2.6 (2.5) | 2.9 (2.5) | 2.1 (2.0) |
| Children < 5 yrs in HHe | ||||||
| Median [range] | 1 [1–3] | 1 [1–3] | 1 [1–2] | 1 [1–3] | 1 [1–3] | 0 [0–4] |
| Smoker in householdf,g | ||||||
| Yes, n (%) | 28 (8.1) | 41 (7.2) | 43 (8.6) | 124 (7.7)g | 61/674 (9.1) | 33/1092 (3.0) |
| House structuref, n (%) | ||||||
| Wallse | ||||||
| Burnt brick/concrete | 174 (50.4) | 168 (29.6) | 169 (33.9) | 941 (36.7) | 901 (64.3) | 1212 (68.5) |
| Unburnt brick | 166 (48.1) | 397 (70.2) | 330 (66.1) | 1621 (63.2) | 488 (34.8) | 292 (16.5) |
| Mud, thick/thin | 6 (1.5) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 3 (0.10) | 13 (0.9) | 266 (15.0) |
| Floor | ||||||
| Tiles | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 3 (0.1) | 4 (0.3) | 20 (1.1) |
| Concrete | 325 (93.9) | 447 (89.9) | 406 (89.2) | 2125 (87.3) | 1257 (91.9) | 1619 (91.5) |
| Mud | 20 (5.8) | 48 (9.9) | 49 (10.8) | 307 (12.6) | 107 (7.8) | 130 (7.4) |
| Latrinee | ||||||
| Water toilet | 16 (4.3) | 13 (2.6) | 11 (2.4) | 57 (2.4) | 238 (17.4) | 279 (15.8) |
| Simple pit latrine | 330 (95.7) | 480 (97.0) | 441 (97.6) | 2368 (97.5) | 1126 (82.4) | 2 (0.1) |
| Other | 0 | 2 (0.4) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 3 (0.2) | 1484 (84.1) |
| Watere | ||||||
| Tap to house | 48 (13.9) | 42 (8.5) | 39 (8.6) | 242 (9.9) | 425 (31.1) | 591 (33.4) |
| Communal tap | 293 (84.9) | 448 (90.1) | 414 (91.0) | 2156 (88.6) | 884 (64.6) | 947 (53.5) |
| Bore hole | 3 (0.9) | 7 (1.4) | 2 (0.4) | 30 (1.2) | 45 (3.3) | 181 (10.2) |
| Well (covered/open) | 2 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | 7 (0.3) | 14 (1.0) | 50 (2.8) |
| Electricity at household | ||||||
| Yes | 274 (79.4) | 379 (76.3) | 342 (75.2) | 1742 (71.5) | 1021 (74.6) | 1275 (72.1) |
| Possessions indexh mean (SD)e | 7.1 (2.7) | 6.4 (3.5) | 6.4 (3.4) | 6.8 (3.3) | 8.2 (3.2) | 8.2 (3.3) |
Recruitment location: Infants 4–8 weeks were recruited from household or health centre (present for EPI); PCV-vaccinated children 18 weeks to 5 years old were recruited from household; PCV-unvaccinated children 5–10 years old were recruited from schools; HIV-infected adults on ART were recruited from Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital ART Clinic.
PCV pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, ART antiretroviral therapy, SD standard deviation, wk week, yr year, vacc’d vaccinated, HH household.
aAmong subset of PCV-vaccinated children with written evidence of vaccination.
bn = 2096 among children 3–7 yrs old.
cThe gender distribution among HIV-infected adults recruited from ART Clinic is representative of the gender distribution among those attending the clinic.
dCrowding index: Calculated as number of household residents divided by number of bedrooms in main house; data only collected starting survey four.
eDistribution of these covariates was statistically significant when comparing unvaccinated children 3–7 years of age and vaccinated children 3–7 years of age. Crowding index (mean 2.9 vs 2.6, respectively) p < 0.000; number of children < 5 yrs old in household (mean 0.7–1.1) p < 0.000; Walls of burnt bricks or concrete (61.5 vs 36.7) p < 0.000; Latrine, water toilet (17.4 vs 2.4) p < 0.000; Water tap to house (31.1 vs 9.5) p < 0.000; Possession index (7.8 vs 6.8) p < 0.000.
fSmoker in household: the percentage of households with at least one household member who smokes tobacco; data only collected starting survey four. Ranking of household structure variables: each variable is presented with the most costly category at top and least costly at bottom of list.
gn = 1615 among children 3–7 yrs old.
hPossession index: calculated as a sum of positive responses for household ownership of each of one of fifteen different functioning items: watch, radio, bank account, iron (charcoal), sewing machine (electric), mobile phone, CD player, fan (electric), bednet, mattress, bed, bicycle, motorcycle, car, and television.