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. 2020 May 6;10:7671. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63828-5

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Left: Occurrences of information gains for all words presented to the participants, with the dashed line marking the split between words associated with high and low information gain. On the right side of the plot are displayed example words ordered by their information gain (descending). Centre: Grand average event-related potential at the Pz channel for words associated with high/low information gain. The shaded areas represent a 95% confidence interval. The dashed line marks the onsets of the next stimulus. Right: A scalp topography of the differences of ERPs between low information gain words and high information gain words for the time interval 250–1000 ms post-stimuli. Each contour line marks a 1 μV difference in voltage. The Pz electrode is highlighted with a rectangle.