Table 1.

Spectrum of organ system involvement and corresponding injuries associated with kratom use as identified in the case study literature

Organ system	Presentation signs and conditions	References
Hepatic	Acute liver failure, hepatitis, transaminitis, intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatomegaly	[23, 108–116, 131]
Endocrine	Hypothyroidism, hypogonadism	[26, 100]
Renal	Acute kidney injury	[67]
Cardiac	Cardiotoxicity, arrhythmia	[98, 99]
Pulmonary	Acute lung injury, ARDS	[101, 102]
Obstetric	Neonatal abstinence syndrome	[103–107]
Neurological	Acute brain injury, seizure, coma, cognitive impairment	[21, 81, 117, 118]

ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome

Table is original and was produced by the authors for this particular publication