Table 2.

Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance and resistance and virulence genes detected by PCR of lactic acid bacteria

Species	Strain	Phenotypic antibiotic resistance		Resistance and virulence genes detected by PCR
		Disk diffusion assay	MIC (μg/mL)
L. casei	MSI1	GEN, CLI, ERY, OXA, TRS, RIF	VAN (A), AMP (1.0)	vanC2, bcrB, mur-2ed, tdc
	MSI5	GEN, VAN, CLI, OXA, TRS	VAN (A),	vanC2, tet(S), bcrR, cpd
	MRUV1	GEN, VAN, AMP, OXA, TRS, TET	VAN (A), AMP (1.0)	vanA, ant(4′)-Ia, int
	MRUV6	GEN, VAN, OXA, TRS	VAN (A), AMP (1.0)	ermA, ant(4′)-Ia, tdc
L. acidophilus	MVA3	GEN, VAN, CLI, ERY, OXA, TRS, RIF	VAN (A), AMP (1.0), RIF (A)	tet(K), tet(S), ermA, ant(4′)-Ia, bcrR, asa1, ccf, tdc
L. nagelli	MSIV4	GEN, CLI, OXA, TRS, RIF	VAN (A), AMP (50.0)	ccf, int
L. harbinensis	MSI3	GEN, VAN, CLI, OXA, TRS, TET	GEN (A), VAN (A), AMP (1.0), CHL (A)	asa1
	MSIV2	VAN, CLI, OXA, TRS	VAN (A), RIF (32.0)	vanC2, cpd
L. fermentum	SIVGL1	GEN, VAN, AMP, OXA, TRS	VAN (A), AMP (1.5)	--
L. plantarum	MLE5	GEN, CLI, ERY, OXA, TRS, RIF	VAN (A), AMP (0.64)	vanC1, aph(3′)-IIIa
	MSI2	GEN, VAN, CLI, OXA, TRS, CHL, RIF	VAN (A)	--
P. pentosaceus	MLEV8	GEN, CLI, ERY, OXA, TRS, RIF	VAN (A), AMP (50)	ermB, aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia
P. acidilactici	MSI7	GEN, VAN, OXA, TRS, TET	VAN (A)	tet(K), int
W. paramesenteroides	MRUV3	GEN, VAN, CLI, OXA, TRS, TET, RIF	VAN (A), AMP (50), CHL (50.0), RIF (4.0)	vanA, ant(4′)-Ia, int
	MSAV5	GEN, CLI, ERY, OXA, TRS, RIF	--	mur-2ed, cpd, hyl, int

GEN gentamicin, IMI imipenem, VAN vancomycin, CLI clindamycin, ERY erythromycin, AMP ampicillin, OXA oxacillin, PEN penicillin, TRS trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, TET tetracycline, CHL chloramphenicol, RIF rifampicin, STG streptogramin, STM streptomycin, BAC bacitracin, A absence of inhibition zone

Breaking points have been determined according to manufacturer instructions (bioMérieux, France), EUCAST, and CLSI standard [20–22]