FIG 3.
A. flavus EVs stimulate microbicidal activity of BMDMs. (A) BMDMs were plated on glass coverslips and cultured with EVs (107 particles/ml) for 30 min and were treated with A. flavus conidia (macrophages/conidia = 1:1) for 4 h at 37°C, and the phagocytic index was determined. (B) BMDM previously treated with EVs (107 particles/ml), for 30 min, were infected with A. flavus conidia (macrophages/conidia = 1:1) for 48 h at 37°C. The cells were lysed, and the lysate was plated to detect the viable fungi based on CFU counting technique. Data represents results from three independent experiments. For both phagocytosis and killing assays, the IFN-γ-containing medium and medium only were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. An unpaired, two-tailed t test was used from both analyses. *, P < 0.05.