Table 1.
Effects of Zinc on cancer cells and macrophages at different concentrations.
| Zn sulfate | Effects on cancer cells | References |
|---|---|---|
| 25 μM | The proliferation curve of cancer cells does not change. No apoptotic neither necrotic effects. | (40) |
| 50 μM | The proliferation curve changes in some cancer cells. Zinc inhibits store-operated calcium entry and intracellular Ca2+ level. No apoptotic neither necrotic effects. | (40) |
| 75 μM | Zn significantly affects the growth of cancer cells. No apoptotic neither necrotic effects. | (40) |
| >75 μM | Zn induces significant growth inhibition a.Many round-shaped and floating dead cells suggest zinc cytotoxicity at these concentrationsb. | a(41)b(40) |
| 50 μM | Zn promotes M1 polarization and decreases M2 polarization. | (32) |
| 5, 45, 68, 147 μg/dL | Zinc in co-administration with LPS (100 ng/mL) decreases IL-10 and increases TNFα, IL-8, and IL-6 expression in dose dependent way. | (35) |
| ZnO (NPs) | Effects on macrophages | References |
| From 10−7 to 10−3 μg/mL | NPs induce the polarization of M0 macrophages into M1-like phenotype. | (42) |
| Zn gluconate | Effects in patients | References |
| 3.18 mg/kg body weight/day | As adjuvant therapy Zn stimulates the immune system and improves the effects of chemotherapy against acute lymphocytic leukemia. | (43) |