Figure 1.

Lesion locations associated with core functions measured by a battery of common aphasia assessments (adapted from Lacey et al., 2017). Thirty-eight individuals with chronic aphasia underwent an extensive aphasia battery consisting of commonly used clinical tests. Principal components factor analysis revealed four underlying language functions measured by the tests, which were labeled by the authors. Support vector regression lesion–symptom mapping was used to identify brain locations where lesions resulted in deficits in each of the language functions. The significant brain areas associated with each language function are shown in color. To provide a full three-dimensional view, the translucent brains (from left to right) show the same results as viewed from the left, from above, from below, and from the front.