Table 2. Deaths From Despair in the Nurses’ Health Study II (2001-2017) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1988-2014)^a.

Religious service attendance	Participants, No.	Follow-up, person-years	Deaths from despair, No.	Incidence rate, events per 100 000 person-years
Nurses’ Health Study II (2001)
Never or almost never	16 357	255 085	35	14
<1 Time/wk	20 787	324 804	24	7
≥1 Time/wk	29 275	458 439	16	3
Missing	73	1137	0	0
All participants	66 492	1 039 465	75	7
Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1988)
Never or almost never	10 376	232 385	103	44
<1 Time/wk	9499	218 021	61	28
≥1 Time/wk	14 694	335 445	63	19
Missing	8572	187 885	79	42
All participants	43 141	973 736	306	31

^aDeaths related to drugs, alcohol, and suicide are referred to as deaths from despair.