Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and clinical parameters of enrolled patients according to gait speed and handgrip strength
| Normal GS and HS (n = 119) |
Normal GS and low HS (n = 80) |
Low GS and normal HS (n = 34) |
Low GS and HS (n = 44) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 58.6 ± 14.3 | 61.5 ± 11.1 | 63.7 ± 10.3 | 68.6 ± 12.0 | < 0.001c,e |
| Sex (male, %) | 75 (63.0) | 61 (76.2) | 19 (55.9) | 28 (63.6) | 0.118 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 4.2 | 22.5 ± 3.3 | 24.5 ± 4.5 | 22.1 ± 3.2 | 0.024e |
| Time on dialysis (year) | 2.8 [0.8, 5.9] | 3.3 [0.8, 7.8] | 1.1 [0.3, 2.6] | 1.4 [0.3, 4.8] | 0.005e |
| Previous cardiovascular events (n, %) | 26 (21.8) | 28 (35.0) | 11 (32.4) | 19 (43.2) | 0.039a,c |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 55 (46.2) | 44 (55.0) | 23 (67.6) | 31 (70.5) | 0.017b,c |
| Pre-HD SBP (mmHg) | 141 ± 20 | 142 ± 25 | 143 ± 19 | 140 ± 21 | 0.949 |
| Access type (n, %) | |||||
| Arteriovenous fistula | 101 (84.9) | 61 (76.2) | 24 (70.6) | 36 (81.8) | 0.343 |
| Arteriovenous graft | 15 (12.6) | 16 (20.0) | 10 (29..4) | 6 (13.6) | |
| Catheter | 3 (2.5) | 3 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.5) | |
| Single-pool Kt/V | 1.54 ± 0.29 | 1.59 ± 0.26 | 1.57 ± 0.29 | 1.68 ± 0.27 | 0.039c |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.6 ± 1.3 | 10.4 ± 1.3 | 10.6 ± 1.2 | 10.2 ± 1.3 | 0.417 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 0.002c,e |
| Pre-HD BUN (mg/dL) | 62.8 ± 17.8 | 58.4 ± 13.9 | 55.9 ± 17.7 | 54.5 ± 23.1 | 0.027c |
| Pre-HD creatinine (mg/dL) | 9.7 ± 3.1 | 9.4 ± 2.2 | 8.1 ± 2.8 | 7.5 ± 2.6 | < 0.001b,c,e |
| Ca (mg/dL) | 8.5 ± 0.8 | 8.7 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 0.7 | 8.7 ± 0.9 | 0.037d |
| P (mg/dL) | 5.0 ± 1.4 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | 4.7 ± 1.4 | 4.4 ± 1.6 | 0.153 |
| Intact PTH (pg/mL) | 190 [128, 302] | 221 [119, 303] | 185 [104, 370] | 106 [58, 234] | 0.060 |
| Total CO2 (mEq/L) | 22.5 ± 3.0 | 23.3 ± 3.1 | 22.6 ± 2.9 | 23.3 ± 2.9 | 0.246 |
| β2-microglobulin (mg/L) | 25.2 ± 8.6 | 24.4 ± 7.4 | 21.4 ± 7.3 | 25.1 ± 9.3 | 0.142 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 143 ± 29 | 132 ± 28 | 145 ± 32 | 141 ± 31 | 0.019e |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 78 ± 24 | 73 ± 25 | 75 ± 26 | 85 ± 28 | 0.095 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 45 ± 15 | 45 ± 12 | 45 ± 16 | 45 ± 13 | 1.000 |
| Gait speed* (m/s) | 1.14 ± 0.24 | 1.09 ± 0.18 | 0.66 ± 0.13 | 0.62 ± 0.13 | < 0.001b,c,d,e |
| Handgrip strength* (kg) | |||||
| Male | 31.9 ± 9.2 | 19.4 ± 4.2 | 26.3 ± 13.6 | 18.9 ± 4.9 | < 0.001a,b,c,d,f |
| Female | 21.4 ± 9.6 | 14.2 ± 2.1 | 18.4 ± 6.1 | 13.7 ± 2.2 | < 0.001a,c |
| MAMC† (cm) | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 22.5 ± 4.4 | 22.3 ± 2.5 | 21.6 ± 3.5 | 0.074 |
| Anti-hypertensive medication (n, %) | |||||
| Renin-angiotensin system blocker | 67 (56.3) | 42 (52.5) | 23 (67.6) | 25 (56.8) | 0.524 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 74 (62.2) | 44 (55.0) | 21 (61.8) | 30 (68.2) | 0523 |
| β-blocker | 46 (38.7) | 30 (37.5) | 19 (55.9) | 20 (45.5) | 0.250 |
| HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | 51 (42.9) | 31 (38.8) | 21 (61.8) | 27 (61.4) | 0.022c,d,e |
Abbreviations: GS Gait speed; HS Handgrip strength; BMI Body mass index; HD Hemodialysis; CV Cardiovascular; SBP Systolic blood pressure; BUN Blood urea nitrogen; PTH Parathyroid hormone; LDL Low-density lipoprotein; HDL High-density lipoprotein; MAMC Mid-arm muscle circumference
*Low GS was defined as a gait speed of less than 0.8 m/s, and low HS was defined as < 26 kg for men and < 18 kg for women
†MAMC was calculated by the following: MAMC = Midarm Circumference - (3.14163 Χ Triceps Skinfold Thickness / 10)
ap < 0.05, Normal GS and HS vs. Normal GS and low HS; bp < 0.05, Normal GS and HS vs. Low GS and normal HS; cp < 0.05, Normal GS and HS vs. Low GS and HS; dp < 0.05, Normal GS and low HS vs. Low GS and normal HS; ep < 0.05, Normal GS and low HS vs. Low GS and HS
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or the number of patients (percentage). Time on dialysis and intact PTH levels were non-normally distributed and therefore described as median [first and third interquartile rage]