Table 2.

Association between physical performance, comorbidity index, and quality of life

	Normal GS and HS	Normal GS and low HS	Low GS and normal HS	Low GS and HS	p value
Charlson comorbidity scores*	4 [2, 4]	4 [3, 5]	5 [3, 5]	5 [4, 5]	< 0.001a,b,c,e
Liu comorbidity scores*	4 [3, 5]	4 [3, 6]	6 [4, 7]	6 [4, 7]	< 0.001c,e
K-MMSE†	28 [26, 29]	27 [24, 28]	27 [25, 30]	27 [23, 29]	0.030c
BDI†	14 [7, 21]	13 [9, 20]	17 [6, 25]	16 [11, 28]	0.122
KD-QOL†
Physical components
Physical functioning	85 [65, 95]	77 [50, 90]	60 [23, 80]	40 [25, 65]	< 0.001b,c,d,e
Pain	73 [58, 100]	76 [55, 100]	78 [45, 90]	55 [45, 80]	0.050c
General health	35 [25, 50]	40 [25, 57]	35 [21, 49]	25 [15, 35]	0.003c,e
Energy/fatigue	45 [35, 59]	50 [39, 55]	50 [40, 55]	40 [20, 50]	0.049c
Mental components
Cognitive function	87 [80, 100]	87 [67, 100]	80 [60, 93]	73 [60, 93]	0.007b,c
Sleep	60 [50, 73]	60 [53, 75]	58 [46, 65]	58 [43, 65]	0.367
Emotional well-being	60 [45, 72]	60 [52, 76]	60 [52, 68]	52 [40, 64]	0.089
Social components
Work status	0 [0, 50]	0 [0, 50]	0 [0, 50]	0 [0, 50]	0.170
Quality of social interaction	67 [60, 80]	67 [60, 87]	67 [53, 80]	67 [60, 80]	0.772
Social support	67 [67, 100]	67 [67, 100]	67 [67, 100]	67 [50, 100]	0.902
Social function	75 [63, 100]	75 [50, 100]	75 [38, 100]	63 [50, 75]	0.021c

Abbreviations: GS Gait speed; HS Handgrip strength; K-MMSE Korean-version of mini-mental state exam; BDI Beck’s depression inventory; KD-QOL Kidney disease quality of life

^*Charlson comorbidity score and Liu comorbidity score are adapted from reference 25 and 26

^†The detailed information regarding the list of questionnaire can be checked in reference 28–30

^ap < 0.05, Normal GS and HS vs. Normal GS and low HS; ^bp < 0.05, Normal GS and HS vs. Low GS and normal HS; ^cp < 0.05, Normal GS and HS vs. Low GS and HS; ^dp < 0.05, Normal GS and low HS vs. Low GS and normal HS; ^ep < 0.05, Normal GS and low HS vs. Low GS and HS