Table 4.
Mean SDQ score over time overall, by gender and in participants with very high total scores at baseline
| Gender-based analysis |
Pre-test Mean (SD) [Min-Max] |
Post-test Mean (SD) [Min-Max] |
Follow-up Mean (SD) [Min-Max] |
ANOVA | Pairwise comparison | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F (dftime, dferror); χ2(df) | p-value | ||||||
| SDQ subscales | |||||||
|
Emotional problem scale [0–10] |
Boys (n = 38) |
5.50 (2.05) [1–10] |
4.29 (2.02) [0–9] |
3.46 (2.19) [0–8] |
F(2,31) = 18.03 | p < 0.001 | b, d |
| Girls (n = 33) |
4.91 (1.96) [1–8] |
4.0 (1.97) [0–9] |
2.70 (1.56) [0–6] |
F(2,24) = 15.02 | p < 0.001 | c, d | |
| Overall |
5.24 (2.0) [1–10] |
4.15 (1.97) [0–9] |
3.14 (1.95) [0–8] |
F(2,58) = 28.90 | p < 0.001 | b, c, d | |
|
Conduct problem scale [0–10] |
Boys (n = 38) |
3.77 (1.83) [0–7] |
2.50 (1.31) [0–6] |
2.11 (1.63) [0–7] |
F(2,29) = 4.69 | p = 0.017 | b,d |
| Girls (n = 33) |
3.30 (2.07) [0–7] |
1.56a (1.46) [0–6] |
1.64 (1.28) [0–4] |
χ2(2) = 15.31 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
| Overall |
3.55 (1.94) [0–7] |
2.03a (1.45) [0–6] |
1.91a (1.43) [0–7] |
χ2(2) = 25.40 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
|
Hyperactivity scale [0–10] |
Boys (n = 38) |
5.42 (2.02) [1–10] |
3.62 (1.86) [0–8] |
3.19 (2.04) [0–9] |
F(2,33) = 17.55 | p < 0.001 | b, d |
| Girls (n = 33) |
4.941 (2.20) [0–9] |
3.61 (1.95) [0–8] |
2.86 (1.74) [0–6] |
χ2(2) = 12.65 | p = 0.002 | b, d | |
| Overall |
5.21 (2.09) [0–10] |
3.59 (1.89) [0–8] |
3.08 (1.91) [0–9] |
F(2,61) = 24.20 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
|
Peer problem scale [0–10] |
Boys (n = 38) |
3.80 (1.47) [0–7] |
3.14 (1.59) [0–7] |
2.91 (1.50) [0–6] |
F(2,30) = 4.95 | p = 0.014 | d |
| Girls (n = 33) |
3.75 (1.57) [0–6] |
3.0 (1.32) [0–5] |
2.61 (1.26) [0–5] |
F(2,24) = 2.43 | p = 0.11 | ||
| Overall |
3.78 (1.51) [0–7] |
3.07 (1.45) [0–7] |
2.78 (1.39) [0–6] |
F(2,56) = 7.34 | p = 0.001 | d | |
|
Prosocial scale [10–0] |
Boys (n = 38) |
6.33 (1.95) [2–10] |
7.74 (1.40) [4–10] |
7.68 (1.96) [3–10] |
F(2,29) = 8.71 | p = 0.001 | b, d |
| Girls (n = 33) |
6.91 (1.93) [4–10] |
8.13 (1.45) [5–10] |
8.04 (1.53) [5–10] |
F(2,24) = 6.82 | p = 0.005 | b, d | |
| Overall |
6.61 (1.93) [2–10] |
7.90 (1.44) [4–10] |
7.80 (1.79) [3–10] |
F(2,56) = 15.94 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
|
Total Difficulty Scale [0–40] |
Boys (n = 38) |
18.52 (5.08) [10–32] |
13.61 (4.53) [6–22] |
11.24 (5.56) [2–23] |
F(2,25) = 22.14 | p < 0.001 | b, d |
| Girls (n = 33) |
16.97 (6.23) [4–26] |
12.27 (5.62) [3–27] |
9.74 (4.17) [2–19] |
F(2,21) = 15.69 | p < 0.001 | d | |
| Overall |
17.77 (5.67) [4–32] |
12.9 (5.07) [3–27] |
10.62a(4.98) [2–23] |
χ2(2) = 34.16 | p < 0.001 | b, c, d | |
| Very high (20+) on total difficulty scale (n = 24; 12 boys, 12 girls) at baseline | |||||||
| Emotional problem scale |
6.96 (1.33) [4–10] |
4.46 (2.21) [1–9] |
3.81 (2.29) [0–8] |
F(2,19) = 24.99 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
| Conduct problem scale |
4.79 (1.50) [2–7] |
2.26 (1.81) [0–6] |
1.86 (1.35) [0–5] |
F(2,18) = 18.66 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
| Hyperactivity scale |
7.17 (1.20) [5–10] |
3.96 (1.94) [1–8] |
3.38 (2.22) [0–9] |
F(2,19) = 27.55 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
| Peer problem scale |
4.46 (1.32) [2–6] |
2.78 (1.70) [0–6] |
2.75 (1.48) [0–6] |
F(2,17) = 6.43 | p = 0.008 | b, d | |
| Prosocial scale |
6.26 (2.30) [2–10] |
8.22 (1.54) [4–10] |
7.57 (2.20) [3–10] |
F(2,17) = 15.53 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
| Total Difficulty Scale |
23.38a (2.95) [20–32] |
13.91 (5.93) [3–27] |
11.55 (5.64) [4–23] |
χ2(2) = 21.33 | p < 0.001 | b, d | |
statistically significant (p < 0.05); SD: standard deviation, a Data not normally distributed, non-parametrical tests used for all statistics involving this group; b significant difference between t1 and t2, c significant difference between t2 and t3, d significant difference between t1 and t3