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. 2020 May 7;20:634. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08701-w

Table 5.

Mean PAFAS scores over time overall and for families above and below the 75th percentile in each subcategory at baseline

PAFAS Pre-test Mean (SD)
[Min-Max]
Post-test Mean (SD)
[Min-Max]
Follow-up Mean (SD)
[Min-Max]
ANOVA Pairwise comparison
F (dftime, dferror); χ2(df) p-value
PARENTING
Parental Consistency [0–15]

≤ 75th percentile

Score 0–8 (n = 41)

6.39a

(1.51)

[1–8]

5.89

(2.67)

[1–12]

6.60

(2.13)

[3–11]

χ2(2)=

3.49

p = 0.175

>75th percentile

Score 9+ (n = 24)

10.13

(1.08)

[9–12]

6.90

(2.22)

[4–11]

7.15

(1.84)

[4–10]

F(2,15) = 29.18 p < 0.001 b, d
Overall

7.77

(2.27)

[1–12]

6.28

(2.46)

[1–12]

6.90

(2.02)

[3–11]

F(2,45)=

7.72

p = 0.001 b, d
Coercive Parenting [0–15]

≤ 75th percentile

Score 0–10 (n = 47)

6.51

(2.23)

[1–10]

5.36

(3.06)

[0–11]

4.79

(2.97)

[0–12]

F(2.36)=

4.83

p = 0.014 b, d

>75th percentile

Score 11+ (n = 22)

12.73

(1.28)

[11–15]

5.00

(2.65)

[1–11]

4.76

(2.83)

[0–9]

F(2.19)=

96.06

p < 0.001 b, d
Overall

8.49

(3.52)

[1–15]

5.23

(2.88)

[0–11]

4.85

(2.84)

[0–12]

F(1.49,86.76)=

37.72

p < 0.001 b, d
Positive Encouragement [0–9]

≤ 75th percentile

Score 0–1 (n = 37)

0.62a

(0.49)

[0–1]

0.83a

(1.12)

[0–5]

0.63a

(0.96)

[0–3]

χ2(2)=

0.46

p = 0.796

>75th percentile

Score 2+ (n = 33)

3.18a

(1.47)

[2–7]

0.80a

(0.96)

[0–3]

0.90

(0.84)

[0–3]

χ2(2)=

31.76

p < 0.001 b, d
Overall

1.83a

(1.67)

[0–7]

0.82a

(1.04)

[0–5]

0.77a

(0.89)

[0–3]

χ2(2)=

14.83

p = 0.001 b, d
Parent-child Relationship [0–15]

≤ 75th percentile

Score 0–2 (n = 44)

0.73

(0.69)

[0–2]

0.66a

(1.15)

[0–5]

0.31a

(0.80)

[0–3]

χ2(2)=

9.27

p = 0.010 d

>75th percentile

Score 3+ (n = 20)

4.90a

(2.43)

[3–11]

0.93a

(1.21)

[0–4]

0.50a

(0.94)

[0–3]

χ2(2)=

17.89

p < 0.001 b, d
Overall

2.03a

(2.43)

[0–11]

0.74a

(1.13)

[0–5]

0.36a

(0.81)

[0–3]

χ2(2)=

22.54

p < 0.001 b, c, d
FAMILY ADJUSTMENT
Parental Adjustment [0–15]

≤ 75th percentile

Score 0–7 (n = 41)

5.12a

(1.86)

[0–7]

4.30

(1.82)

[1–9]

3.94

(2.38)

[0–9]

χ2(2)=

6.0

p = 0.050

>75th percentile

Score 8+ (n = 26)

8.73a

(1.08)

[8–12]

5.14

(2.57)

[1–11]

4.81

(2.32)

[0–8]

χ2(2)=

24.42

p < 0.001 b, d
Overall

6.52

(2.38)

[0–12]

4.57

(2.18)

[0–11]

4.30

(2.33)

[0–9]

F(2,50)=

13.51

p < 0.001 b, d
Family relationships [0–12]

≤ 75th percentile

Score 0–4 (n = 37)

2.73

(1.41)

[0–4]

2.34

(1.98)

[0–9]

1.70a

(2.04)

[0–8]

χ2(2)=

7.91

p = 0.019 d

>75th percentile

Score 5+ (n = 33)

6.09a

(1.42)

[5–9]

2.77

(1.71)

[0–7]

2.03a

(2.18)

[0–8]

χ2(2)=

39.94

p < 0.001 b, c, d
Overall

4.31

(2.20)

[0–9]

2.56a

(1.83)

[0–9]

1.89a

(2.09)

[0–8]

χ2(2)=

40.73

p < 0.001 b. c. d
Parental teamwork [0–9]

≤ 75th percentile

Score 0–4 (n = 44)

1.95a

(1.51)

[0–4]

1.67a

(1.88)

[0–9]

1.28a

(1.47)

[0–6]

χ2(2)=

10.15

p = 0.006 d

>75th percentile

Score 5+ (n = 15)

5.53a

(1.06)

[5–9]

2.27

(2.09)

[0–6]

2.11a

(2.47)

[0–8]

χ2(2)=

8.31

p = 0.016 b, d
Overall

2.86

(2.10)

[0–9]

1.82a

(1.88)

[0–9]

1.38a

(1.71)

[0–8]

χ2(2)=

17.06

p < 0.001 b, c, d

statistically significant (p < 0.05), SD standard deviation, aData not normally distributed, non-parametrical tests used for all statistics involving this group; b significant difference between t1 and t2, c significant difference between t2 and t3, d significant difference between t1 and t3