Table 5.
Mean PAFAS scores over time overall and for families above and below the 75th percentile in each subcategory at baseline
| PAFAS |
Pre-test Mean (SD) [Min-Max] |
Post-test Mean (SD) [Min-Max] |
Follow-up Mean (SD) [Min-Max] |
ANOVA | Pairwise comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F (dftime, dferror); χ2(df) | p-value | |||||
| PARENTING | ||||||
| Parental Consistency [0–15] | ||||||
|
≤ 75th percentile Score 0–8 (n = 41) |
6.39a (1.51) [1–8] |
5.89 (2.67) [1–12] |
6.60 (2.13) [3–11] |
χ2(2)= 3.49 |
p = 0.175 | |
|
>75th percentile Score 9+ (n = 24) |
10.13 (1.08) [9–12] |
6.90 (2.22) [4–11] |
7.15 (1.84) [4–10] |
F(2,15) = 29.18 | p < 0.001 | b, d |
| Overall |
7.77 (2.27) [1–12] |
6.28 (2.46) [1–12] |
6.90 (2.02) [3–11] |
F(2,45)= 7.72 |
p = 0.001 | b, d |
| Coercive Parenting [0–15] | ||||||
|
≤ 75th percentile Score 0–10 (n = 47) |
6.51 (2.23) [1–10] |
5.36 (3.06) [0–11] |
4.79 (2.97) [0–12] |
F(2.36)= 4.83 |
p = 0.014 | b, d |
|
>75th percentile Score 11+ (n = 22) |
12.73 (1.28) [11–15] |
5.00 (2.65) [1–11] |
4.76 (2.83) [0–9] |
F(2.19)= 96.06 |
p < 0.001 | b, d |
| Overall |
8.49 (3.52) [1–15] |
5.23 (2.88) [0–11] |
4.85 (2.84) [0–12] |
F(1.49,86.76)= 37.72 |
p < 0.001 | b, d |
| Positive Encouragement [0–9] | ||||||
|
≤ 75th percentile Score 0–1 (n = 37) |
0.62a (0.49) [0–1] |
0.83a (1.12) [0–5] |
0.63a (0.96) [0–3] |
χ2(2)= 0.46 |
p = 0.796 | |
|
>75th percentile Score 2+ (n = 33) |
3.18a (1.47) [2–7] |
0.80a (0.96) [0–3] |
0.90 (0.84) [0–3] |
χ2(2)= 31.76 |
p < 0.001 | b, d |
| Overall |
1.83a (1.67) [0–7] |
0.82a (1.04) [0–5] |
0.77a (0.89) [0–3] |
χ2(2)= 14.83 |
p = 0.001 | b, d |
| Parent-child Relationship [0–15] | ||||||
|
≤ 75th percentile Score 0–2 (n = 44) |
0.73 (0.69) [0–2] |
0.66a (1.15) [0–5] |
0.31a (0.80) [0–3] |
χ2(2)= 9.27 |
p = 0.010 | d |
|
>75th percentile Score 3+ (n = 20) |
4.90a (2.43) [3–11] |
0.93a (1.21) [0–4] |
0.50a (0.94) [0–3] |
χ2(2)= 17.89 |
p < 0.001 | b, d |
| Overall |
2.03a (2.43) [0–11] |
0.74a (1.13) [0–5] |
0.36a (0.81) [0–3] |
χ2(2)= 22.54 |
p < 0.001 | b, c, d |
| FAMILY ADJUSTMENT | ||||||
| Parental Adjustment [0–15] | ||||||
|
≤ 75th percentile Score 0–7 (n = 41) |
5.12a (1.86) [0–7] |
4.30 (1.82) [1–9] |
3.94 (2.38) [0–9] |
χ2(2)= 6.0 |
p = 0.050 | |
|
>75th percentile Score 8+ (n = 26) |
8.73a (1.08) [8–12] |
5.14 (2.57) [1–11] |
4.81 (2.32) [0–8] |
χ2(2)= 24.42 |
p < 0.001 | b, d |
| Overall |
6.52 (2.38) [0–12] |
4.57 (2.18) [0–11] |
4.30 (2.33) [0–9] |
F(2,50)= 13.51 |
p < 0.001 | b, d |
| Family relationships [0–12] | ||||||
|
≤ 75th percentile Score 0–4 (n = 37) |
2.73 (1.41) [0–4] |
2.34 (1.98) [0–9] |
1.70a (2.04) [0–8] |
χ2(2)= 7.91 |
p = 0.019 | d |
|
>75th percentile Score 5+ (n = 33) |
6.09a (1.42) [5–9] |
2.77 (1.71) [0–7] |
2.03a (2.18) [0–8] |
χ2(2)= 39.94 |
p < 0.001 | b, c, d |
| Overall |
4.31 (2.20) [0–9] |
2.56a (1.83) [0–9] |
1.89a (2.09) [0–8] |
χ2(2)= 40.73 |
p < 0.001 | b. c. d |
| Parental teamwork [0–9] | ||||||
|
≤ 75th percentile Score 0–4 (n = 44) |
1.95a (1.51) [0–4] |
1.67a (1.88) [0–9] |
1.28a (1.47) [0–6] |
χ2(2)= 10.15 |
p = 0.006 | d |
|
>75th percentile Score 5+ (n = 15) |
5.53a (1.06) [5–9] |
2.27 (2.09) [0–6] |
2.11a (2.47) [0–8] |
χ2(2)= 8.31 |
p = 0.016 | b, d |
| Overall |
2.86 (2.10) [0–9] |
1.82a (1.88) [0–9] |
1.38a (1.71) [0–8] |
χ2(2)= 17.06 |
p < 0.001 | b, c, d |
statistically significant (p < 0.05), SD standard deviation, aData not normally distributed, non-parametrical tests used for all statistics involving this group; b significant difference between t1 and t2, c significant difference between t2 and t3, d significant difference between t1 and t3