Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Study type | Year | Country | Geographic region | Total number of GDM | Number of T2DM | Mean follow-up (y) |
Baseline age | Baseline BMI | GDM criteria | T2DM criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowe WL Jr [9] | Prospective cohort | 2018 | Mixed | Mixed | 663 | 71 | 11.4 | 31.9 | 29.7 | Carpenter and Coustan [37]i/IADPSG [38]ii | Self-reported/American Diabetes Association [39]iii |
| Shen Y [18] | Prospective cohort | 2018 | China | Asia | 1263 | 121 | 4.4 | 30.1 | 24.2 | WHO, 1999 [40]iv | American Diabetes Association [39]iii |
| Apostolakis M [20] | Prospective cohort | 2018 | Greek | Europe | 1336 | 83 | 1.38 | 35.3 | 26.7 | Carpenter and Coustan [37]i | American Diabetes Association [39]iii |
| Daly B [21] | Retrospective cohort | 2018 | UK | Europe | 9118 | 895 | 2.9 | 33 | Not recorded | The Health Improvement Network databasev | The Health Improvement Network databasev |
| Kugishima Y [34] | Retrospective cohort | 2018 | Japan | Asia | 306 | 32 | 1.09 | 33 | 23.5 | JSOG [41]vi,/IADPSG [38]ii | WHO, 1999 [40]vii |
| Casagrande SS [31] | Retrospective cohort | 2018 | USA | North America | 8185 | 1612 | 17.8 | 23.9 | Not recorded | Self-reported | Self-reported |
| Hippisley-Cox J [10] | Retrospective cohort | 2017 | England | Europe | 22415 | 1468 | 3.97 | Not recorded | Not recorded | QResearch database viii | QResearch database viii |
| Bond R [12] | Retrospective cohort | 2017 | Canada | North America | 34686 | 6147 | 12.5 | Not recorded | Not recorded | Quebec physician services claims; hospitalization discharge databases; and birth and death registriesix | Quebec physician services claims; hospitalization discharge databases; and birth and death registriesix |
| Retnakaran R [35] | Retrospective cohort | 2017 | Canada | North America | 56884 | 15585 | 10 | 32 | Not recorded | Hospital definedx | Ontario Diabetes Database [42]xi |
| Cho NH [26] | Prospective cohort | 2016 | Korea | Asia | 412 | 51 | 3.98 | 30.5 | 23.3 | Third International Workshop-Conferenceon Gestational Diabetes Mellitus [43]xii | American Diabetes Association [39]iii |
| Cho GJ [30] | Retrospective cohort | 2016 | Korea | Asia | 2962 | 249 | 8 | 29.8 | 20.9 | Korea National Health Insurance Claims Databasexiii | Korea National Health Insurance Claims Databasexiii |
| Wahlberg J [19] | Prospective cohort | 2016 | Sweden | Europe | 1324 | 334 | 11.3 | 32 | 26.7 | EASD [44]xiv | Self-reported |
| Gunderson EP [22] | Prospective cohort | 2015 | USA | North America | 959 | 113 | 1.74 | 33.4 | 30 | Carpenter and Coustan [37]i | American Diabetes Association [39]iii |
| Shen G X [13] | Retrospective cohort | 2015 | Canada | North America | 11895 | 4096 | 30 | 28.8 | Not recorded | ICDxv | Center definedxvi |
| Hakkarainen H [28] | Prospective cohort | 2015 | Finland | Europe | 489 | 51 | 10 | 32 | 30.9 | Hospital definedxvii | American Diabetes Association [39]iii |
| Bao W [27] | Prospective cohort | 2014 | UK | Europe | 4554 | 635 | 13 | 25.5 | 27 | Nurse's Health Study II [45]xviii | NDDG, 1979 [46]xix(before1998); ADA [39]iii(After 1998 June) |
| Kwak SH [29] | Prospective cohort | 2013 | Korea | Asia | 395 | 116 | 3.75 | 31.4 | 22.8 | Third International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus [43]xii | American Diabetes Association [39]iii |
| Ekelund M [15] | Retrospective cohort | 2012 | Mixed | Mixed | 793 | 134 | 4.75 | Not recorded | Not recorded | WHO, 1999 [40]iv | WHO, 1999 [40]vii |
| Ziegler AG [25] | Prospective cohort | 2012 | Germany | Europe | 304 | 147 | 7.9 | 31 | Not recorded | German Diabetes Associationxx | American Diabetes Association [39]iii |
| Wang YJ [33] | Retrospective cohort | 2012 | USA | North America | 1142 | 327 | 8.6 | 26.8 | Not recorded | ICDxxi | American Diabetes Association [39]iii /WHO, 1998 [47]xxii |
| Anderberg E [36] | Retrospective cohort | 2012 | Sweden | Europe | 579 | 180 | 11 | Not recorded | Not recorded | Diagnostic registers from hospitalxxiii | ICDxxiv |
| Kakad R [14] | Retrospective cohort | 2010 | UK | Europe | 470 | 38 | 1 | Not recorded | Not recorded | Hospital definedxxv | WHOxxvi |
| Lee H [32] | Prospective cohort | 2008 | Korea | Asia | 620 | 71 | 2.1 | 33.6 | 23.5 | National Diabetes Data Group, 1979 [46]xxvii | Hospital definedxxviii |
| LEE A J [17] | Retrospective cohort | 2007 | Australia | Australia | 5470 | 1411 | 15 | 30.7 | 26.9 | Australia guideline [48]xxix | WHO, 1998 [47]xxii |
| Järvelä IY [16] | Retrospective cohort | 2006 | Finland | Europe | 435 | 23 | 5.7 | 31.6 | Not recorded | Finnish Diabetes Associationxxx | Self-reported |
| Albareda M [11] | Prospective cohort | 2003 | Spain | Europe | 696 | 44 | 6.16 | 30.7 | 24.5 | Second and Third GDM Workshop Conference [49]xxxi | WHO, 1998 [47]xxii |
| Peters RK [23] | Prospective cohort | 1996 | USA | North America | 666 | 146 | 7.5 | 30.3 | Not recorded | National Diabetes Data Group, 1979 [46]xxvii | National Diabetes Data Group, 1979 [46]xix |
| Henry O [24] | Prospective cohort | 1991 | Australia | Australia | 1118 | 447 | 17 | 31.3 | 25.4 | Hospital defined [50]xxxii | WHO, 1985 [51]xxxiii |
FPG: fasting plasma glucose. OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test. ICD: International Classification of Disease. Baseline age: the age at index pregnancy. Baseline BMI: the BMI at the beginning of follow-up. i: FPG concentrations ≥ 5.3 mmol/L, 2 h plasma glucose ≥ 8.6 mmol/L, or 3 h glucose ≥ 7.7 mmol/L after 100 g oral glucose load. ii: FPG concentrations ≥ 5.1 mmol/L, 1 h plasma glucose ≥ 10.0 mmol/L, or 2 h glucose ≥ 8.5 mmol/L after 75 g oral glucose load. iii: FPG concentrations ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2 h glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L after 75 g oral glucose load. iv: if 1 h plasma glucose is > 7.8 mmol/L after 50 oral glucose load, then 75 g glucose test is performed, FPG concentrations ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2 h glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L after 75 g oral glucose load. v: the database captures electronically recorded medical records in primary care. vi: FPG concentrations ≥ 5.6 mmol/L, 1 h plasma glucose ≥ 10.0 mmol/L, or 2 h glucose ≥ 8.3 mmol/L after 75 g oral glucose load, two or more abnormal values. vii: FPG concentrations ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or 2 h glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L after 75 g oral glucose load. viii: identify patients with diabetes by searching the electronic health record for diagnostic Read codes for diabetes (C10%). ix: ICD 9 and 10 codes are used to identify diagnoses of gestational diabetes. x: diagnostic codes associate with the delivery hospitalization. xi: all individuals, living within Ontario, Canada, diagnosed with diabetes ≥90 days after delivery were included. xii: FPG ≥ 5.8 mmol/L, 1 h glucose ≥ 10.6 mmol/L, 2 h glucose ≥ 9.2 mmol/L, and 3 h glucose ≥ 8.1 mmol/L after 100 g glucose load, two or more abnormal values. xiii: the ICD 10th revision codes O24.4 and O24.9 are used to identify diagnoses of gestational diabetes, and the ICD 10th revision code E11 is used to identify diagnoses of diabetes. xiv: 2 h capillary blood glucose ≥ 9.0 mmol/L after 75 g OGTT. xv: ICD-10-CA codes were used after 1 April 2004 or ICD-9-CM code prior to that date to identify the diagnoses of gestational diabetes. xvi: incident diabetes among women are defined as one hospitalization or two physicians' diagnoses of diabetes within a 3-year period. xvii: until September 2001: lower abnormal limits of fasting, 1 h and 2 h capillary whole-blood glucose are 4.8, 10.0, and 8.7 mmol/L; September 2001: lower limits of fasting, 1 h and 2 h capillary plasma glucose are 4.8, 11.2, and 9.9 mmol/L. xviii: 116,671 female nurses aged 25 to 44 years were included at study initiation. xix: FPG ≥ 7.8 mmol/L or 2 h glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L after 75 g OGTT. xx: two of three capillary blood glucose values > 5 mmol/L (fasting) before OGTT; 1 h OGTT ≥ 10.6 mmol/L and 2 h OGTT ≥ 8.9 mmol/L. xxi: ICD-9 code 648.8. xxii: FPG ≥ 7.8 mmol/L (≥7.0 mmol/L from 1998), 2 h glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L after 75 g OGTT, and one or more classic symptoms plus a random plasma glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/L. xxiii: identified through diagnostic registers from the University Hospitals of Lund and Malmö. xxiv: the ICD 10th revision codes E10 or E11 were used to identify the diagnoses of diabetes. xxv: use 75 g OGTT to diagnose gestational diabetes. xxvi: FPG ≥ 7.1 mmol/L and/or 2 h plasma glucose ≥ 11.0 mmol/L after 75 g glucose load. xxvii: requires 2 abnormal glucose values: FPG ≥ 5.8 mmol/L, 1 h glucose ≥ 10.6 mmol/L, 2 h glucose ≥ 9.2 mmol/L, and 3 h glucose ≥ 8.1 mmol/L. xxviii: FPG ≥ 7.0. xxix: after 1999.1.1: FPG ≥ 5.5 mmol/L and/or 2 h glucose ≥ 8.0 mmol/L after 75 g OGTT; before 1999.1.1: 1 h capillary plasma glucose level of ≥9.0 mmol/L and a 2 h capillary plasma glucose level of ≥7.0 mmol/L after 50 g OGTT. xxx: the limits of abnormal capillary blood glucose concentrations used are as follows: fasting ≥ 4.8 mmol/L, 1 h ≥ 10 mmol/L, and 2 h ≥ 8.7 mmol/L after 75 g OGTT. xxxi: FPG ≥ 5.8 mmol/L, 1 h glucose ≥ 10.6 mmol/L, 2 h glucose ≥ 9.2 mmol/L, and 3 h glucose ≥ 8.1 mmol/L after 100 g glucose load, two or more abnormal values. xxxii: 1 h glucose level ≥ 9.0 mmol/L and 2 h glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L after 50 g OGTT. xxxiii: capillary plasma glucose: fasting ≥ 7.8 mmol/L or 2 h ≥ 12.2 mmol/L after 75 g OGTT.