Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants who underwent carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity measurement included in the regression analysis.
| Males | Females | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 945 | N = 1540 | ||
| Age at initial screening (years) | 56.1 (5.8) | 56 (5.5) | 0.7∗ |
| Age at c-fPWV (years) | 72.8 (5.7) | 72.9 (5.4) | 0.5∗ |
| Follow-up time (years) | 16.7 (1.5) | 16.9 (1.5) | <0.001∗ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.8 (3.1) | 25.1 (3.8) | <0.001∗ |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | <0.001∗ |
| Smoker, current | 163 (18%) | 256 (17%) | <0.001∗∗ |
| Smoker, occasional | 48 (5%) | 67 (4%) | <0.001∗∗ |
| Smoker, former | 418 (45%) | 443 (29%) | <0.001∗∗ |
| Smoker, never | 294 (32%) | 749 (49%) | <0.001∗∗ |
| Diabetes diagnosis | 71 (8%) | 59 (4%) | <0.001∗∗ |
| Lipid-lowering medication at follow up | 323 (34%) | 412 (27%) | <0.001∗∗ |
| Antihypertensive medication at follow up | 530 (56%) | 823 (53%) | 0.2∗∗ |
| HBA1C (%) | 4.8 (4.5, 5) | 4.8 (4.5, 5) | 0.512 |
| Glucose, fasting (mmol/L) | 5 (4.7, 5.3) | 4.8 (4.5, 5.1) | <0.001 |
| Insulin level (mmol/L) | 7 (5, 9) | 6 (4, 8) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.5 (1, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (nmol/L) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.4) | 0.8 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 6 (1) | 6.2 (0.1) | <0.001∗ |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.7) | 1 (0.8, 1.4) | <0.001 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.2 (1, 1.4) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 4.1 (0.9) | 4.1 (1) | 0.77∗ |
| TG : HDL-c ratio (ideal <0.9 in mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) | 0.7 (0.5, 1) | <0.001 |
| Large VLDL-P (mmol/L) | 9 (6, 12) | 8 (5, 11) | <0.001 |
| Medium VLDL-P (mmol/L) | 34 (27, 44) | 32 (23, 43) | <0.001 |
| Small VLDL-P (mmol/L) | 48 (39, 60) | 51 (40, 66) | <0.001 |
| Large IDL-P(mmol/L) | 112 (91, 140) | 109 (86, 139) | 0.03 |
| Small IDL-P (mmol/L) | 158 (120, 223) | 225 (166, 298) | <0.001 |
| Large LDL-P(mmol/L) | 433 (331, 542) | 392 (301, 506) | <0.001 |
| Medium LDL-P (mmol/L) | 121 (81, 204) | 80 (61, 112) | <0.001 |
| Small LDL-P(mmol/L) | 70 (48, 114) | 52 (39, 70) | <0.001 |
| Very small LDL-P (mmol/L) | 104 (812, 136) | 88 (69, 113) | <0.001 |
| Total LDL-P (mmol/L) | 788 (624, 966) | 623 (498, 812) | <0.001 |
| Large HDL-P (nmol/L) | 984 (690, 1446) | 1801 (1211, 2568) | <0.001 |
| Small HDL-P (nmol/L) | 2567 (1896, 3391) | 2706 (2078, 3593) | <0.001 |
| Total HDL-P (nmol/L) | 3682 (2829, 4760) | 4663 (3669, 5859) | <0.001 |
| c-fPWV (m/s) | 10.4 (8.9, 12.2) | 9.9 (9, 11) | <0.001 |
For continuous variables, normally distributed characteristics are expressed with mean (SD) and skewed data with median (interquartile range). Categorical data are expressed as percentages. ∗Comparisons of parametric data are made using Student's t-test. ∗∗Comparisons of categorical data are made using chi square tests. All other comparisons of mean ranks for nonparametric data use the Mann–Whitney U test. Abbreviations: c-fPWV: carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-P: high-density lipoprotein particles; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IDL-P: intermediate-density lipoprotein particles; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-P: low-density lipoprotein particles; VLDL-P: very low-density lipoprotein particles.