Table 1.

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease (adapted from Mendis et al. [6]).

Nonmodifiable

(i) Sex

(ii) Familial history

(iii) Genetic disposition

(iv) Race

(v) Age

Other modifiable risk factors

(i) Poverty

(ii) Psychological factors

(iii) Psychosocial stress

(iv) Alcohol abuse

(v) Some medications

(vi) Lipoprotein (a)

(vii) Left ventricular hypertrophy

Modifiable

(i) Arterial hypertension

(ii) Lipid disorders (LDL-cholesterol)

(iii) Tobacco

(iv) Overweight and Obesity

(v) Unhealthy diet

(vi) Sedentary

(vii) Diabetes mellitus

New risk factors

(i) Excess homocysteine

(ii) Inflammation

(iii) Disorders of blood coagulation