Table 1.
Characteristics of patients in the training and validation groups.
| Characteristic | Training group (n = 4,837) | Validation group (n = 2,419) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonmetastasis (n = 4,009) | Metastasis (n = 828) | p | Nonmetastasis (n = 1,996) | Metastasis (n = 423) | p | |
| Gender | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Female | 1,965 (49.01%) | 342 (41.30%) | 979 (49.05%) | 166 (39.24%) | ||
| Male | 2,044 (50.99%) | 486 (58.70%) | 1,017 (50.95%) | 257 (60.76%) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.322 | 0.919 | ||||
| ≤40 | 227 (5.66%) | 57 (6.88%) | 125 (6.26%) | 27 (6.38%) | ||
| 41-55 | 870 (21.70%) | 196 (23.67%) | 431 (21.59%) | 89 (21.04%) | ||
| 56-70 | 1,584 (39.51%) | 292 (35.27%) | 754 (37.78%) | 165 (39.01%) | ||
| >70 | 1,328 (33.13%) | 283 (34.18%) | 686 (34.37%) | 142 (33.57%) | ||
| Race | 0.057 | 0.475 | ||||
| White | 2,701 (67.37%) | 586 (70.77%) | 1,373 (68.79%) | 290 (68.56%) | ||
| Black | 751 (18.73%) | 141 (17.03%) | 345 (17.28%) | 85 (20.09%) | ||
| Others | 526 (13.12%) | 97 (11.71%) | 264 (13.23%) | 47 (11.11%) | ||
| NOS | 31 (0.77%) | 4 (0.48%) | 14 (0.70%) | 1 (0.24%) | ||
| Insurance | <0.001 | 0.312 | ||||
| Yes | 3,107 (77.50%) | 586 (70.77%) | 1,533 (76.80%) | 313 (74.00%) | ||
| No | 116 (2.89%) | 33 (3.99%) | 56 (2.81%) | 17 (4.02%) | ||
| NOS | 786 (19.61%) | 209 (25.24%) | 407 (20.39%) | 93 (21.99%) | ||
| Marital status | 0.917 | 0.922 | ||||
| Married | 2,306 (57.52%) | 465 (56.16%) | 1,148 (57.52%) | 242 (57.21%) | ||
| Unmarried | 1,484 (37.02%) | 331 (39.98%) | 749 (37.53%) | 160 (37.83%) | ||
| NOS | 219 (5.46%) | 32 (3.86%) | 99 (4.96%) | 21 (4.96%) | ||
| Tumor location | 0.009 | 0.032 | ||||
| Large intestine | 216 (5.39%) | 35 (4.23%) | 94 (4.71%) | 11 (2.60%) | ||
| Peritoneum | 78 (1.95%) | 34 (4.11%) | 47 (2.35%) | 18 (4.26%) | ||
| Stomach | 2,599 (64.83%) | 468 (56.52%) | 1,306 (65.43%) | 253 (59.81%) | ||
| Small intestine | 1,093 (27.26%) | 289 (34.90%) | 535 (26.80%) | 139 (32.86%) | ||
| Esophagus | 23 (0.57%) | 2 (0.24%) | 14 (0.70%) | 2 (0.47%) | ||
| Pathologic grade | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| I | 641 (15.99%) | 35 (4.23%) | 307 (15.38%) | 13 (3.07%) | ||
| II | 451 (11.25%) | 43 (5.19%) | 214 (10.72%) | 25 (5.91%) | ||
| III | 147 (3.67%) | 56 (6.76%) | 76 (3.81%) | 19 (4.49%) | ||
| IV | 195 (4.86%) | 78 (9.42%) | 87 (4.36%) | 45 (10.64%) | ||
| NOS | 2,575 (64.23%) | 616 (74.40%) | 1,312 (65.73%) | 321 (75.89%) | ||
| Tumor size (cm) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤2 | 495 (12.35%) | 16 (1.93%) | 221 (11.07%) | 9 (2.13%) | ||
| 2-5 | 1,230 (30.68%) | 109 (13.16%) | 644 (32.26%) | 48 (11.35%) | ||
| 5-10 | 1,241 (30.96%) | 223 (26.93%) | 629 (31.51%) | 108 (25.53%) | ||
| >10 | 833 (20.78%) | 307 (37.08%) | 389 (19.49%) | 154 (36.41%) | ||
| NOS | 210 (5.24%) | 173 (20.89%) | 113 (5.66%) | 104 (24.59%) | ||
| Lymph nodes | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Negative | 3,783 (94.36%) | 548 (66.18%) | 1,884 (94.39%) | 306 (72.34%) | ||
| Positive | 94 (2.34%) | 123 (14.86%) | 62 (3.11%) | 49 (11.58%) | ||
| NOS | 132 (3.29%) | 157 (18.96%) | 50 (2.51%) | 68 (16.08%) | ||
| Extension | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Mild | 3,051 (76.10%) | 280 (33.82%) | 1,565 (78.41%) | 145 (34.28%) | ||
| Grievous | 726 (18.11%) | 346 (41.79%) | 347 (17.38%) | 156 (36.88%) | ||
| NOS | 232 (5.79%) | 202 (24.40%) | 84 (4.21%) | 122 (28.84%) | ||
| Mitotic count | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤5/50 HPF | 1,513 (37.74%) | 130 (15.70%) | 750 (37.58%) | 69 (16.31%) | ||
| >5/50 HPF | 1,615 (40.28%) | 432 (52.17%) | 788 (39.48%) | 202 (47.75%) | ||
| NOS | 881 (21.98%) | 266 (32.13%) | 458 (22.95%) | 152 (35.93%) | ||
NOS: not otherwise specified.