Table 2.

Parenting practices of mothers and fathers

Parenting Domain	Item	Mother	Father	P Value
		Mean ± SD
Parental Involvementa	You play games or do other fun things with your parent	3.21 ± 1.61	2.83 ± 1.64	< 0.001*
	Your parent asks you about your day in school	4.20 ± 1.41	3.31 ± 1.78	< 0.001*
	Your parent helps you with your homework	3.09 ± 1.85	2.43 ± 1.73	< 0.001*
	Total	10.50 ± 3.30	8.57 ± 3.91	< 0.001*
Positive parentinga	Your parent tells you that you are doing a good job	4.43 ± 1.21	3.69 ± 1.74	< 0.001*
	Your parent compliments you when you have done something well	4.69 ± 0.94	4.15 ± 1.52	< 0.001*
	Your parent praises you for behaving well	4.64 ± 1.00	4.28 ± 1.41	< 0.001*
	Total	13.75 ± 2.40	12.12 ± 3.90	< 0.001*
Inconsistent disciplinea	Your parent lets you out of a punishment early	3.48 ± 1.64	2.74 ± 1.75	< 0.001*
	Your parent threatens to punish you and then do not do it	3.32 ± 1.69	2.35 ± 1.64	< 0.001*
	You talk your parent out of punishing you after you have done something wrong	3.59 ± 1.74	2.98 ± 1.87	< 0.001*
	Total	10.39 ± 3.37	8.07 ± 3.72	< 0.001*
Poor supervision and monitoringb	You fail to leave a note or let your parent know where you are going	1.86 ± 1.49	1.67 ± 1.31	< 0.001*
	Your parent let you stay out in the evening past the time you are supposed to be home	1.31 ± 0.93	1.26 ± 0.83	0.02*
	Your parent does not know the friends you are with	1.50 ± 1.23	1.54 ± 1.22	0.48
	Total	4.68 ± 2.76	4.47 ± 2.33	0.008*
Corporal punishmentb	Your parent spanks you with their hand when you have done something wrong	2.55 ± 1.75	2.12 ± 1.67	< 0.001*
	Your parent hits you with a belt, switch, or other object when you have done something wrong	3.09 ± 1.81	2.61 ± 1.80	< 0.001*
	Your parent slaps you when you have done something wrong	2.88 ± 1.78	2.40 ± 1.78	< 0.001*
	Total	8.53 ± 4.05	7.14 ± 4.23	< 0.001*

^aPaired t-test was used. ^bWilcoxon signed rank test was used

*statistically significant at p < 0.05

Higher scores of positive parenting and involvement signify good parenting practices, while higher scores of poor monitoring/supervision, corporal punishment and inconsistent discipline indicate ineffective parenting