. 2020 Apr 24;2020:6825074. doi: 10.1155/2020/6825074

Table 3.

Average ± standard error (SE) of fourteen elemental concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) for twenty-one herbs (n = 3) collected from Saudi Arabia.

	Ca	Cr	Cu	Fe	I	K	Mg	Mn	Mo	Na	Ni	P	Se	Zn
Sage	429 ± 5^de	339 ± 5^bc	376 ± 3^e	430 ± 4^d	1210 ± 17^defg	1970 ± 81^ef	1467 ± 20^cd	107 ± 2^c	559 ± 8^de	998 ± 80^defg	388 ± 5^c	1127 ± 23^abcde	981 ± 12^bcd	247 ± 5^bc
Ajwain	345 ± 57^de	203 ± 120^c	269 ± 125^e	159 ± 86^d	724 ± 169^ghij	1152 ± 179^f	556 ± 398^de	125 ± 9^c	424 ± 62^de	333 ± 173^fg	233 ± 109^c	840 ± 405 ^def	569 ± 116^efgh	185 ± 15 ^ef
Anise	497 ± 6^cde	299 ± 5^bc	660 ± 14^de	355 ± 5^d	1087 ± 17^efgh	9147 ± 116^b	1503 ± 19^cd	156 ± 6^c	463 ± 8^de	1303 ± 39^defg	332 ± 5^c	1447 ± 18^abc	730 ± 8^def	194 ± 3^ef
Chamomile	323 ± 3^e	274 ± 3^c	308 ± 9^e	360 ± 10^d	1165 ± 49^defgh	3855 ± 193^de	981 ± 225^cde	119 ± 3^c	416 ± 1^de	746 ± 86^efg	309 ± 3^c	1067 ± 169^bcde	580 ± 18^efg	190 ± 10 ^ef
Cinnamomum	309 ± 27^e	156 ± 49^c	153 ± 24^e	69 ± 24^d	608 ± 34^ghij	2213 ± 179^ef	249 ± 12^e	138 ± 16^c	302 ± 38^e	390 ± 80^fg	169 ± 21^c	433 ± 34^f	417 ± 32^fghi	120 ± 7^g
Curcuma	280 ± 25^e	224 ± 4^c	178 ± 41^e	235 ± 16^d	550 ± 53 ^hij	12133 ± 120^a	907 ± 346^de	135 ± 8^c	327 ± 8^e	342 ± 85^fg	227 ± 8^c	592 ± 14^ef	388 ± 21^ghi	121 ± 2^g
Dried black lime	2693 ± 97^a	1327 ± 48^a	2977 ± 80^ab	2533 ± 77^a	2280 ± 76^ab	6737 ± 155^bc	1014 ± 36^cde	834 ± 30^a	1563 ± 304^a	7467 ± 149^bc	3050 ± 235^a	1257 ± 43^abcd	1317 ± 38^a	251 ± 9^abc
Fennel	610 ± 9^cde	321 ± 7^bc	593 ± 55^de	293 ± 11^d	1160 ± 20^defgh	8750 ± 163^b	1980 ± 21^bc	177 ± 6^c	516 ± 11^de	2488 ± 998^def	340 ± 8^c	1587 ± 28^ab	916 ± 23^cd	197 ± 4^def
Green tea	2623 ± 90^ab	1293 ± 43^a	3150 ± 121^a	2607 ± 98^a	2243 ± 97^ab	7073 ± 286^bc	990 ± 34^cde	813 ± 28^a	1267 ± 41^ab	8433 ± 398^bc	2860 ± 115^a	1230 ± 55^abcd	1297 ± 38^ab	248 ± 10^bc
Laurel leaf	2697 ± 85^a	1327 ± 41^a	2853 ± 186^ab	2480 ± 121^ab	2220 ± 145^abc	6193 ± 315^cd	1011 ± 31^cde	834 ± 26^a	1157 ± 66^abc	6273 ± 496^c	2607 ± 172^a	1220 ± 58^abcd	1287 ± 35^ab	244 ± 9^bcd
Lemon balm	453 ± 93^cde	429 ± 2^bc	388 ± 96^e	555 ± 1^d	1593 ± 3^cde	1227 ± 116^f	872 ± 602^de	140 ± 1^c	726 ± 3 ^cde	155 ± 62^fg	146 ± 93^c	1673 ± 13^a	1200 ± 6^abc	289 ± 3^ab
Licorice	1610 ± 538^abc	416 ± 16^bc	823 ± 44^de	573 ± 51^d	1027 ± 27^efghi	3847 ± 102^de	2560 ± 92^b	196 ± 4^c	608 ± 19^de	3067 ± 397^de	472 ± 23^c	1110 ± 32 ^abcde	944 ± 27^cd	225 ± 9 ^cde
Maidenhair	2733 ± 67^a	1347 ± 33^a	3310 ± 80^a	2723 ± 67^a	2337 ± 85^ab	7557 ± 169^bc	1030 ± 25^cde	845 ± 20^a	1317 ± 33^ab	9243 ± 167^b	3047 ± 69^a	1287 ± 30^abcd	1340 ± 32^a	257 ± 5^abc
Marjoram	301 ± 109^e	343 ± 27^bc	425 ± 43^e	451 ± 65^d	1192 ± 150^defg	2187 ± 175^ef	1280 ± 52^cde	123 ± 6^c	520 ± 46^de	858 ± 144^efg	386 ± 53^c	1130 ± 166^abcde	874 ± 93 ^de	232 ± 9 ^cde
Mint	2753 ± 37^a	1357 ± 19^a	3327 ± 34^a	2720 ± 25^a	2383 ± 46^a	7727 ± 91^bc	1040 ± 15^cde	852 ± 11^a	1313 ± 18^ab	9560 ± 140^a	3087 ± 39^a	1297 ± 18^abcd	1347 ± 24^a	259 ± 3^abc
Mugworts	1213 ± 18^cde	560 ± 7^bc	1560 ± 40^cd	779 ± 14^cd	1497 ± 19^def	12667 ± 133^a	6083 ± 87^a	335 ± 7^bc	899 ± 10^bcd	15267 ± 145^a	655 ± 8^bc	1427 ± 19^abcd	1320 ± 15^a	300 ± 2^a
Olive leaves	568 ± 79^cde	225 ± 42^c	403 ± 71^e	177 ± 33^d	883 ± 75^fghi	2467 ± 413^ef	971 ± 130^cde	128 ± 13^c	437 ± 38^de	407 ± 102^fg	378 ± 87^c	888 ± 124^cdef	824 ± 125^de	171 ± 12^f
Rose	143 ± 1^e	143 ± 1^c	41 ± 5^e	77 ± 4^d	242 ± 22^j	587 ± 19^f	564 ± 121^de	68 ± 2^c	367 ± 167^e	576 ± 41^fg	126 ± 0^c	418 ± 9^f	167 ± 11ⁱ	86 ± 1^g
Roselle	285 ± 70^e	349 ± 5^bc	419 ± 17^e	375 ± 34^d	1210 ± 15^defg	1980 ± 26^ef	1490 ± 26^cd	243 ± 5^c	576 ± 9^de	659 ± 71^fg	440 ± 17^c	1073 ± 12 ^abcde	977 ± 6 ^bcd	244 ± 3 ^bcd
Star anise	204 ± 7^e	153 ± 5^c	191 ± 17^e	139 ± 56^d	395 ± 27^ij	1122 ± 123^f	514 ± 42^de	172 ± 3^c	352 ± 117^e	54 ± 26^g	162 ± 5^c	427 ± 12^f	254 ± 7^hi	97 ± 3^g
Thyme	150 ± 789^bcd	762 ± 378^b	1949 ± 876^bc	1587 ± 735^bc	1745 ± 427^bcd	4185 ± 1891^de	871 ± 184^de	604 ± 243^ab	902 ± 190^bcd	3298 ± 1523^d	1600 ± 761^b	1055 ± 123^bcde	1045 ± 171^abcd	215 ± 26^cdef
F ratio P value	22^∗∗	26^∗∗	35^∗∗	36^∗∗	31^∗∗	67^∗∗	38^∗∗	31^∗∗	17^∗∗	93^∗∗	38^∗∗	10^∗∗	39^∗∗	43^∗∗

The results (F ratio and Pvalue: ^∗=0.05 > P > 0.01; ^∗∗=P < 0.01) from ANOVA. Different letters a, b, c, and d indicate significant differences among different herbs for every single element (Tukey's HSD multiple comparison post hoc test, P < 0.05).