Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and clinical and laboratory parameters of the patients with AKI†.
| Parameter | Overall | Nonelderly | Elderly | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 300 | 142 | 158 | |
| Age, year | 66 (52–77) | 51 (42–59) | 76 (70–82) | <0.0001 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 166 (55.3) | 91 (64.1) | 75 (47.5) | 0.0055 |
| Weight (kg) | 60 (50–70) | 62 (55–70) | 59 (50–65) | 0.0012 |
| Height (cm) | 160 (155–168) | 165 (158–170) | 160 (154–165) | 0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 (20.2–25.8) | 23.6 (20.0–27.3) | 22.2 (20.4–25.4) | 0.19 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
| DM | 126 (42.0) | 47 (33.1) | 79 (50.0) | 0.0045 |
| HTn | 181 (60.3) | 55 (38.7) | 126 (79.8) | <0.0001 |
| CAD | 43 (14.3) | 8 (5.6) | 35 (22.2) | <0.0001 |
| CKD | 198 (66) | 70 (49.4) | 128 (81) | <0.0001 |
| CKD stage, n (%) | <0.0001 | |||
| I-II | 75 (37.9) | 30 (42.9) | 45 (35.2) | |
| IIIa | 48 (24.2) | 16 (22.9) | 32 (25.0) | |
| IIIb | 33 (16.7) | 12 (17.1) | 21 (16.4) | |
| IV | 42 (21.2) | 12 (17.1) | 30 (23.4) | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 72.5 (45–95) | 89.5 (56–104) | 57.9 (38–82) | <0.0001 |
| Baseline sCr, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.79–1.30) | 0.97 (0.76–1.13) | 1.00 (0.85–1.46) | 0.0018 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, points | 4 (2–6) | 2 (1–4) | 5 (4–7) | <0.0001 |
| Principle diagnosis, n (%) | 0.0196‡ | |||
| Infection or sepsis | 168 (56.0) | 69 (48.6) | 99 (62.6) | |
| ACS or HF | 27 (9.0) | 11 (7.8) | 16 (10.1) | |
| Malignancy | 25 (8.3) | 16 (11.3) | 9 (5.7) | |
| GI bleeding | 22 (7.3) | 16 (11.3) | 6 (3.8) | |
| Hyperglycemic crisis | 15 (5.0) | 9 (6.3) | 6 (3.8) | |
| Stroke | 12 (4.0) | 9 (6.3) | 3 (1.9) | |
| Cirrhosis | 5 (1.7) | 3 (2.1) | 2 (1.3) | |
| Other | 26 (8.7) | 9 (6.3) | 17 (10.8) | |
| APACHE II score, points | 26.0 (20–32) | 24.0 (20–30) | 27.5 (22–33) | 0.001 |
| Ventilator, n (%) | 269 (89.7) | 126 (88.8) | 143 (90.5) | 0.75 |
| ARDS, n (%) | 27 (9.0) | 13 (9.2) | 14 (8.8) | 1.00 |
| Need vasopressors, n (%) | 202 (67.3) | 95 (66.9) | 107 (67.7) | 0.97 |
| Diuretic used, n (%) | 172 (57.3) | 65 (45.8) | 107 (67.7) | 0.0002 |
| sCr at ICU, mg/dL | 2.15 (1.60–3.11) | 2.10 (1.52–3.06) | 2.20 (1.65–3.18) | 0.33 |
| Hematocrit, % | 29.9 (25.1–35.9) | 29.9 (24.3–37.6) | 29.8 (25.3–34.0) | 0.77 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 2.7 (2.2–3.3) | 2.8 (2.3–3.4) | 2.6 (2.2–3.2) | 0.15 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 17 (12–21) | 16 (12–21) | 17 (13–21) | 0.17 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 4.4 (2.6–7.6) | 4.7 (3.2–8.9) | 4.2 (2.2–7.2) | 0.06 |
| AKI stage, n (%) | 0.59 | |||
| I | 83 (27.7) | 36 (25.4) | 47 (29.7) | |
| II | 80 (27.7) | 37 (26.0) | 43 (27.2) | |
| III | 137 (45.6) | 69 (48.6) | 68 (43.1) | |
| AKI etiology, n (%) | ||||
| Septic AKI | 116 (38.7) | 53 (37.3) | 63 (39.9) | |
| ATN | 87 (29.0) | 41 (28.9) | 46 (29.1) | |
| Hypovolemia | 59 (19.7) | 33 (23.2) | 26 (16.5) | |
| CRS | 20 (6.7) | 6 (4.3) | 14 (8.9) | |
| Nephrotoxic ATN | 8 (2.7) | 0 | 8 (5.1) | |
| Other | 10 (3.2) | 9 (6.3) | 1 (0.5) |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (percentage). †The elderly were those aged ≥65 years. ‡Chi-square test for infection or sepsis versus no infection or sepsis. ACS, acute coronary syndrome; AKI, acute kidney injury; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ATN, acute tubular necrosis; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CRS, cardiorenal syndrome; DM, any type of diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GI, gastrointestinal; HF, heart failure; HTn, hypertension; ICU, intensive care unit; and sCr, serum creatinine.