Table 1.

Pharmacoepidemiological studies assessing the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the aggravation of pulmonary infections.

Authors Date Country	Design	Participants Age	Exposure	Outcome	Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
Byington et al. [17] 2002 United States	Case-control	540 children with bacterial community-acquired pneumonia < 19 years	Ibuprofen Paracetamol	Empyema	Ibuprofen: 4.0 (2.5–6.5) Paracetamol: non-significant
François et al. [18] 2010 France	Case-control	767 children with community-acquired pneumonia 28 days–15 years	Ibuprofen Aspirin Glucocorticoids Other NSAIDs	Pleural effusion, lung abscess, or cavitation on presentation or during hospital stay	Ibuprofen: 2.57 (1.51–4.35) Aspirin: 1.72 (0.69–4.99) Glucocorticoids: 1.41 (0.58–3.41) Other NSAIDs: 2.41 (0.68–8.56)
Voiriot et al. [19] 2011 France	Nested case-control	90 adults with community-acquired pneumonia in intensive care unit 52 ± 15 years	NSAIDs	Pleural empyema, or lung cavitation	8.1 (2.3–28.0)
Messika et al. [20] 2014 France	Case-control	106 adults with pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in intensive care unit 57.5 (44.5–74.1) years	NSAIDs	Pleural effusion, or pulmonary abscess	4.04 (1.06–15.44)
Elemraid et al. [21] 2015 United Kingdom	Nested case-control	160 children with pneumonia ≤ 16 years	Ibuprofen	Pleural empyema	1.94 (97.5% credible interval: 0.80–3.18)
Le Bourgeois et al. [22] 2016 France	Case-control	166 children with acute viral infection 3 months–15 years	NSAIDs Paracetamol	Pleural empyema within 15 days after diagnosis of acute viral infection	NSAIDs: 2.79 (1.40–5.58) Paracetamol: 1.53 (0.83–2.82)
Basille et al. [23] 2017 France	Nested case-control	221 adults with community-acquired pneumonia in intensive care unit 64.8 ± 17.3 years	Ibuprofen	Parapneumonic pleural effusion, pleural empyema, or lung abscess	2.57 (1.02–6.64)
Krenke et al. [24] 2018 Poland	Nested case-control	203 children with community-acquired pneumonia 2 months–17 years	Ibuprofen Paracetamol	Parapneumonic effusion, pleural empyema, necrotizing pneumonia, or lung abscess	Ibuprofen: 5.06 (1.47–17.35) Paracetamol: 2.75 (1.22–6.16)