Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients.
| Entire cohort | No need for IRVS | Need for IRVS | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 116 | 91 | 25 | |
| Age (years) | 63[51, 72] | 61[48,69] | 72[63,81] | <0.001 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 55(47.4) | 42(46.2) | 13(52) | 0.66 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 10(8.6) | 9(9.9) | 1(4) | 0.69 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 38(32.8) | 25(27.5) | 13(52) | 0.03 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 20(17.2) | 15(16.5) | 5(20) | 0.77 |
| CAD, n (%) | 12(10.3) | 9(9.9) | 3(12) | 0.72 |
| COPD, n (%) | 2(1.7) | 0(0) | 2(8) | 0.05 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 2(1.7) | 1(1.1) | 1(4) | 0.39 |
| Chronic renal disease, n (%) | 4(3.4) | 3(3.3) | 1(4) | 1.00 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Fever, n (%) | 100(86.2) | 76(83.6) | 24(96) | 0.19 |
| Cough, n (%) | 80(69.0) | 62(68.1) | 18(72) | 0.81 |
| Sputum production, n (%) | 15(12.9) | 11(12.1) | 4(16) | 0.74 |
| Fatigue, n (%) | 99(85.3) | 76(83.5) | 23(92) | 0.36 |
| Headache, n (%) | 6(5.2) | 6(6.6) | 0(0) | 0.34 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 66(56.9) | 44(48.4) | 22(88) | <0.001 |
| Nausea or vomiting, n (%) | 25(21.6) | 18(19.8) | 7(28) | 0.41 |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 23(19.8) | 18(19.8) | 5(20) | 1.00 |
| Anorexia, n (%) | 8(6.9) | 2(2.2) | 6(24) | 0.001 |
| Myalgia or arthralgia, n (%) | 10(8.6) | 8(8.8) | 2(8) | 1.00 |
| Onset of symptom to hospital admission | 12[9,16] | 12[9,17] | 10[7,16] | 0.08 |
| Vital signs at hospital admission | ||||
| Altered mental status, n (%) | 6(5.2) | 0(0) | 6(24) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, beats/minute | 90[79, 102] | 86[78,100] | 96[86,107] | 0.02 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/minute | 23[20,29] | 22[20,25] | 32[22,35] | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 132[122,145] | 131[122, 144] | 137[121,152] | 0.38 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 78[68,84] | 79[69,84] | 74[66,91] | 0.98 |
| Severity of illness scores at hospital admission | ||||
| CRB | 0[0,1] | 0[0,0] | 1[0,2] | <0.001 |
| CRB-65 | 1[0,1] | 1[0,1] | 2[1,3] | <0.001 |
| CURB-65 | 1[0,2] | 1[0,1] | 3[2,3] | <0.001 |
| qSOFA | 1[0,1] | 1[0,1] | 1[1,2] | 0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 4.85[3.91, 6.30] | 4.67[3.69,5.84] | 7.35[4.85,9.28] | <0.001 |
| Respiratory support | ||||
| High flow nasal cannula, n (%) | 24(20.7) | 0(0) | 24(96) | <0.001 |
| Non-invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 5(4.3) | 0(0) | 5(20) | <0.001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 8(6.9) | 0(0) | 8(32) | <0.001 |
| Renal replacement therapy, n (%) | 3(2.6) | 2(2.2) | 1(4) | 0.52 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, n (%) | 1(0.9) | 0(0) | 1(4) | 0.22 |
| Need for vasopressor support, n (%) | 9(7.8) | 0(0) | 9(36) | <0.001 |
| Need for IRVS, n (%) | 25(21.6) | 0(0) | 25(100) | <0.001 |
| Hospital mortality, n (%) | 9(7.8) | 0(0) | 9(36) | <0.001 |
| Hospital length of stay, days | 29[18,36] | 28[18,33] | 38[8,49] | 0.18 |
Continuous variables are shown as the mean ± SD or median [IQR], as appropriate. Categorical variables are shown as number (%).
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRB, confusion, respiratory rate, and blood pressure; CRB-65, confusion, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age ≥65 years; CURB-65, confusion, urea nitrogen, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age ≥65 years; SOFA, Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; qSOFA, quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment; IRVS, intensive respiratory or vasopressor support.