Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the participants according to urinary concentration of BPA (male: ≥ 2.4 μg/g creatinine, female: ≥ 3.2 μg/g creatinine).
| Characteristics | Category | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 1,876) | High (n = 612) | p-value | Low (n = 2,228) | High (n = 686) | p-value | ||
| Age (years) | 51.6 ± 15.6 | 50.9 ± 14.9 | 0.331 | 51.2 ± 15.2 | 49.7 ± 14.2 | 0.015 | |
| BMI | Underweight | 35 (1.9) | 10 (1.6) | 0.930 | 75 (3.4) | 19 (2.8) | 0.558 |
| Normal | 1,049 (55.9) | 344 (56.2) | 1,339 (60.1) | 404 (58.9) | |||
| Overweight | 792 (42.2) | 258 (42.2) | 814 (36.5) | 263 (38.3) | |||
| Household income | 1st quartile | 535 (28.5) | 160 (26.1) | 0.642 | 619 (27.8) | 175 (25.5) | 0.006 |
| 2nd quartile | 877 (46.7) | 291 (47.6) | 1,048 (47) | 294 (42.9) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 445 (23.7) | 153 (25) | 546 (24.5) | 208 (30.3) | |||
| 4th quartile | 19 (1) | 8 (1.3) | 15 (0.7) | 9 (1.3) | |||
| Marital status | Single | 245 (13.1) | 74 (12.1) | 0.794 | 193 (8.7) | 56 (8.2) | 0.035 |
| Married | 1,545 (82.3) | 508 (83) | 1,697 (76.1) | 552 (80.4) | |||
| Others | 86 (4.6) | 30 (4.9) | 338 (15.2) | 78 (11.4) | |||
| Smoking | None or ex-smoker | 1,191 (63.5) | 388 (63.4) | 0.969 | 2,141 (96.1) | 660 (96.2) | 0.892 |
| Current smoker | 685 (36.5) | 224 (36.6) | 87 (3.9) | 26 (3.8) | |||
| Alcohol | None | 495 (26.4) | 151 (24.7) | 0.009 | 1,162 (52.2) | 341 (49.7) | 0.476 |
| Moderate | 1,089 (58) | 333 (54.4) | 1,017 (45.6) | 327 (47.7) | |||
| Heavy | 292 (15.6) | 128 (20.9) | 49 (2.2) | 18 (2.6) | |||
| Exercise | No | 1,313 (70) | 426 (69.6) | 0.858 | 1,654 (74.2) | 518 (75.5) | 0.503 |
| Yes | 563 (30) | 186 (30.4) | 574 (25.8) | 168 (24.5) | |||
| Consumption of frozen food | Rarely | 1,520 (81) | 471 (77) | 0.050 | 1,807 (81.1) | 536 (78.1) | 0.122 |
| ≤ Once a week | 313 (16.7) | 119 (19.4) | 376 (16.9) | 129 (18.8) | |||
| > Once a week | 43 (2.3) | 22 (3.6) | 45 (2) | 21 (3.1) | |||
| Consumption of canned food | Rarely | 931 (49.6) | 304 (49.7) | 0.809 | 1,153 (51.8) | 329 (48) | 0.112 |
| ≤ Once a week | 805 (42.9) | 267 (43.6) | 963 (43.2) | 312 (45.4) | |||
| > Once a week | 140 (7.5) | 41 (6.7) | 112 (5) | 45 (6.6) | |||
| Consumption of large fish and tuna | Rarely | 1,226 (65.4) | 400 (65.4) | 0.030 | 1,587 (71.3) | 477 (69.5) | 0.283 |
| ≤ Once a week | 598 (31.9) | 182 (29.7) | 600 (26.9) | 190 (27.7) | |||
| > Once a week | 52 (2.7) | 30 (4.9) | 41 (1.8) | 19 (2.8) | |||
| Consumption of fish | Rarely | 137 (7.3) | 61 (10.0) | 0.102 | 237 (10.6) | 66 (9.6) | 0.167 |
| ≤ Once a week | 1,101 (58.7) | 345 (56.3) | 1,368 (61.4) | 403 (58.7) | |||
| > Once a week | 638 (34.0) | 206 (33.7) | 623 (28) | 217 (31.6) | |||
| Consumption of crustacean | Rarely | 1,013 (54.0) | 335 (54.7) | 0.831 | 1,327 (59.6) | 381 (55.6) | 0.150 |
| ≤ Once a week | 789 (42.1) | 256 (41.8) | 818 (36.7) | 280 (40.8) | |||
| > Once a week | 74 (3.9) | 21 (3.5) | 83 (3.7) | 25 (3.6) | |||
| Consumption of seaweed | Rarely | 96 (5.1) | 29 (4.7) | 0.933 | 91 (4.1) | 26 (3.8) | 0.562 |
| ≤ Once a week | 649 (34.6) | 213 (34.8) | 747 (33.5) | 245 (35.7) | |||
| > Once a week | 1,131 (60.3) | 370 (60.5) | 1,390 (62.4) | 415 (60.5) | |||
| Consumption of shellfish | Rarely | 903 (48.1) | 288 (47.1) | 0.026 | 1,189 (53.4) | 340 (49.6) | 0.130 |
| ≤ Once a week | 858 (45.7) | 267 (43.6) | 916 (41.1) | 298 (43.4) | |||
| > Once a week | 115 (6.1) | 57 (9.3) | 123 (5.5) | 48 (7) | |||
| Consumption of other seafood items | Rarely | 744 (39.7) | 235 (38.4) | 0.021 | 1,054 (47.3) | 308 (44.9) | 0.542 |
| ≤ Once a week | 1,043 (55.6) | 330 (53.9) | 1,074 (48.2) | 346 (50.4) | |||
| > Once a week | 89 (4.7) | 47 (7.7) | 100 (4.5) | 32 (4.7) | |||
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).
BPA: bisphenol A; BMI: body mass index.