Table 1 |.

Interventions to increase healthspan and/or lifespan

Intervention	Target or process	Major effects
Rapamycin	mTOR	Geroprotective effects in mice and dogs. Human clinical trials with rapamycin and rapalogs are underway.
Senolytics	Cellular senescence	Protective against age-related disease in mice. Ongoing clinical trials in human diseases, including arthritis and eye degeneration.
NAD precursors	NAD metabolism	Geroprotective in animal models. Supplements available for human consumption, but no clinical trials have been reported yet.
Sirtuin-activating compounds	Sirtuins	Geroprotective in rodents and non-human primates but mixed results in humans; SRT2104 may have effects beyond mitigating some age-associated conditions.
Metformin	Mitochondrial respiration	Associated with increased lifespan in human patients with diabetes and decreased risk of cancer. TAME trial is planned to test effects in individuals without diabetes.
Exercise	Unknown	Associated with reduced risk of age-related disease, improved quality of life and increased lifespan in humans.
Calorie restriction	Several targets, including mTOR and sirtuins	Enhanced lifespan and protection from disease in worms, flies, mice, rats and non-human primates. Associated with decreased risk factors for disease in humans.

Several key interventions that are currently under investigation in human trials for their potential to increase healthspan and lifespan are described (see text for further details).