Table 2.

Results of multilevel regression on student perceptions of safety (n = 14,040 10th grade nested in 748 schools)

Variable	Perception of safety				Perception of gang-free school
	β	Std. Err.	Lower CI	Upper CI	β	Std. Err.	Lower CI	Upper CI
Count of security measures	−0.024	0.008**	−0.041	−0.007	−0.015	0.013	−0.041	0.011
Student-level
Female student	−0.032	0.005***	−0.043	−0.020	0.029	0.005***	0.009	0.041
Black student	−0.014	0.007	−0.029	0.001	0.015	0.008	−0.002	0.032
Hispanic student	−0.021	0.007***	−0.035	−0.006	−0.005	0.008	−0.022	0.012
Asian student	−0.037	0.007***	−0.051	−0.023	−0.010	0.008	−0.026	0.006
Other race student	−0.002	0.006	−0.014	0.011	−0.005	0.007	−0.019	0.008
Age	−0.014	0.006*	−0.026	−0.002	0.006	0.007	−0.008	0.019
SES	0.043	0.006***	0.030	0.056	0.002	0.008	−0.013	0.017
Victimization	−0.192	0.005***	−0.203	−0.180	−0.180	0.006***	−0.193	−0.167
School-level
Private school	0.075	0.010***	0.055	0.096	0.105	0.017***	0.070	0.140
Urban school	−0.002	0.009	−0.019	0.015	−0.006	0.015	−0.009	0.004
Rural school	0.018	0.007*	0.002	0.034	0.029	0.013*	0.002	0.055
Neighborhood crime levels	−0.030	0.009***	−0.048	−0.012	−0.045	0.016***	−0.078	−0.013
School delinquency	−0.041	0.011***	−0.063	−0.019	−0.044	0.016**	−0.076	−0.012
School size	−0.008	0.011	−0.029	0.013	−0.233	0.017***	−0.268	−0.199
% Free/reduced lunch	−0.030	0.010**	−0.050	−0.010	−0.099	0.017***	−0.133	−0.065
Intercept	3.244	0.007			2.881	0.013
Standard deviation (Intercept)	0.129	0.008			0.299	0.01
Standard deviation (Residual)	0.657	0.004			0.723	0.005
Intra-class correlation	0.128				0.116

β = standardized coefficient, Lower CI = lower bound 95% confidence interval, Upper CI = upper bound 95% confidence interval

^***p < .001,

^**p < .01,

^*p < .05