Table 1. Characteristics of participants with T2D.
| UK Biobank (N = 20,569) | |
|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 60.2 (6.8) |
| Female, n (%) | 7,579 (36.8) |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 30.8 (27.7, 34.8) |
| Missing | 179 |
| Smoking status, yes (current), n (%) | 2,197 (10.8) |
| Missing | 223 |
| Alcohol frequency, n (%) | |
| Never | 7,154 (34.9) |
| 1–3 times per month | 2,521 (12.3) |
| 1–4 times per week | 7,851 (38.3) |
| Daily | 2,946 (14.4) |
| Missing | 97 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | |
| None | 2,830 (14.1) |
| Low | 1,209 (6.0) |
| Medium | 15,322 (76.4) |
| High | 684 (3.4) |
| Missing | 524 |
| Baseline HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 6.8 (1.2) |
| Missing | 1,597 |
| Duration of diabetes (years), median (IQR) | 4 (2, 8) |
| Type of glucose-lowering drug use, n (%) | |
| No medication | 6,778 (33.0) |
| 1 OAD | 8,036 (39.1) |
| 2 OADs | 4,412 (21.4) |
| 3 OADs | 715 (3.5) |
| >3 OADs | 9 (0.0) |
| Insulin + OAD | 619 (3.0) |
| Use of corticosteroids, n (%) | 203 (0.0) |
| Townsend score, n (%) | |
| Category 1—least deprived | 2,993 (14.6) |
| Category 2 | 3,315 (16.1) |
| Category 3 | 3,687 (18.0) |
| Category 4 | 4,334 (21.1) |
| Category 5—most deprived | 6,209 (30.2) |
| Missing | 31 |
| Number of chronic conditions, n (%) | |
| None | 1,918 (9.3) |
| 1 | 5,114 (24.9) |
| 2 | 5,109 (24.8) |
| 3 | 3,643 (17.7) |
| ≥4 | 4,785 (23.3) |
| Taiwan NDCMP (N = 59,657) | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 60.8 (11.3) |
| Female, n (%) | 31,339 (52.5) |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 25.6 (23.5, 28.7) |
| Missing | 1,376 |
| Smoking status, yes (current), n (%) | 9,423 (15.8) |
| Missing | 45 |
| Alcohol consumption, yes, n (%) | 5,140 (8.6) |
| Missing | 55 |
| Baseline HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 8.2 (2.0) |
| Missing | 276 |
| Duration of diabetes (years), median (IQR) | 5 (1, 9) |
| Type of glucose-lowering drug use, n (%) | |
| No medication | 1,880 (3.2) |
| 1 OAD | 10,714 (18.0) |
| 2 OADs | 24,401 (40.9) |
| 3 OADs | 10,361 (17.4) |
| >3 OADs | 3,000 (5.0) |
| Insulin use | 1,719 (2.9) |
| Insulin + OAD | 7,582 (12.7) |
| Use of corticosteroids, n (%) | 2,964 (5.0) |
| Urbanisation level, n (%) | |
| 1—most deprived | 12,495 (21.0) |
| 2 | 18,962 (31.9) |
| 3 | 10,504 (17.7) |
| 4 | 11,735 (19.7) |
| >4—least deprived | 5,808 (9.8) |
| Missing | 153 |
| Amount of insured premium (NTD$ per month), median (IQR) | 21,900 (1,317, 31,800) |
| Insured unit, n (%) | |
| Government, school, or private enterprise employees | 20,491 (34.5) |
| Member of occupational, farmers, fishermen groups | 24,625 (41.5) |
| Low-income households and veterans | 14,206 (24.0) |
| Missing | 335 |
| Number of outpatient visits, mean (SD) | 23.75 (15.4) |
| Number of chronic conditions, n (%) | |
| None | 12,950 (21.7) |
| 1 | 15,485 (26.0) |
| 2 | 15,139 (25.4) |
| 3 | 8,330 (14.0) |
| ≥4 | 7,753 (13.0) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; NDCMP, National Diabetes Care Management Program; NTD, New Taiwan dollar; OAD, oral antidiabetes drug; T2D, type 2 diabetes