Table 5.
Results of Mixed-Effects Models Examining Self-Reported Criminal Offending.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE | Coef. | SE |
| Family support measures | ||||||||
| Emotional | .037 | .020 | .036 | .020 | .038 | .020 | .035 | .020 |
| Interactional | .007 | .030 | .007 | .031 | .009 | .030 | .024 | .031 |
| Instrumental | −.037 | .017* | −.037 | .017* | −.035 | .017* | −.035 | .016* |
| Emotional × Interactional | — | — | −.001 | .010 | — | — | — | — |
| Emotional × Instrumental | — | — | — | — | .005 | .004 | — | — |
| Interactional × Instrumental | — | — | — | — | — | — | .020 | .008* |
| Family/demographic measures | ||||||||
| Family contact | −.029 | .073 | −.029 | .073 | −.029 | .073 | −.027 | .073 |
| Family CJ history | .015 | .031 | .015 | .031 | .016 | .031 | .016 | .031 |
| Number of children | −.013 | .059 | −.013 | .059 | −.014 | .059 | −.016 | .059 |
| Married/stable partner | −.181 | .091* | −.181 | .092 | −.180 | .092 | −.177 | .092 |
| Family conflict | .153 | .024*** | .152 | .024*** | .152 | .024*** | .154 | .024*** |
| Employment | −.072 | .058 | −.072 | .058 | −.075 | .058 | −.075 | .058 |
| Depressive symptoms | .070 | .007*** | .070 | .007*** | .069 | .007*** | .069 | .007*** |
| Criminal peers | .177 | .019*** | .177 | .019*** | .178 | .019*** | .178 | .019*** |
| Race | −.091 | −.089 | ||||||
| Black | −.092 | .078 | −.092 | .078 | .078 | .078 | ||
| Other | −.025 | .108 | −.025 | .108 | −.026 | .108 | −.025 | .108 |
| Age | −.025 | .004*** | −.025 | .004*** | −.025 | .004*** | −.025 | .004*** |
| Criminal history, treatment, and programming | ||||||||
| Primary conviction | ||||||||
| Violent | −.188 | .096 | −.187 | .096 | −.190 | .096 | −.196 | .096 |
| Drug | −.066 | .086 | −.066 | .086 | −.068 | .086 | −.073 | .086 |
| Property | .028 | .106 | .028 | .107 | .024 | .106 | .018 | .106 |
| Prior arrest | .140 | .052** | .140 | .052** | .139 | .052** | .138 | .052** |
| Prior convictions | .013 | .061 | .013 | .061 | .014 | .061 | .015 | .061 |
| Length of incarceration | −.015 | .041 | −.014 | .041 | −.016 | .041 | −.015 | .041 |
| Change in criminal behavior | −.010 | .075 | −.010 | .075 | −.011 | .075 | −.014 | .075 |
| Substance abuse treatment | −.033 | .075 | −.033 | .075 | −.034 | .075 | −.041 | .075 |
| Religious support | −.056 | .069 | −.056 | .069 | −.057 | .069 | −.058 | .069 |
| SVORI participant | −.068 | .068 | −.068 | .068 | −.067 | .068 | −.068 | .068 |
| Constant | .268 | .441 | .275 | .445 | .225 | .442 | .085 | .446 |
| χ2 | 452.00*** | 451.60*** | 453.57*** | 459.24*** | ||||
| R2 | .233 | .233 | .234 | .236 | ||||
| Intraclass correlation | .402 | .402 | .401 | .403 | ||||
| Random variation | .766 | .767 | .765 | .766 | ||||
Note: SVORI = Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative; coef. = unstandardized coefficient; SE = standard error; CJ = criminal justice.
*
p ≤ .05.
**
p ≤ .01.
***
p ≤ .001.