Table 4. Referral status to early intervention (EI) after positive M-CHAT-F by demographics (n = 2,882)a.
| Number (percent) Not Referred to Early Intervention prior to or during visit | Number (percent) Referred to Early Intervention Prior to Visit | Adjusted Relative Risk Ratiob | 95% Confidence Interval | p value | Number (percent) Referred to Early Intervention in Visit | Adjusted Relative Risk Ratiob | 95% Confidence Interval | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample | 1230 (42.7%) | 758 (26.3%) | - | - | - | 894 (31%) | - | - | - |
| Race: | |||||||||
| -White | 285 (33.6%) | 309 (36.4%) | Reference | Reference | Ref | 255 (30.0%) | Reference | Reference | Ref |
| -Black/African-American | 491 (44.2%) | 266 (24.0%) | 0.53 | 0.37–0.76 | <0.001 | 353 (31.8%) | 0.67 | 0.48–0.93 | 0.02 |
| -Asian | 145 (55.8%) | 35 (13.5%) | 0.31 | 0.19–0.52 | <0.001 | 80 (30.8%) | 0.73 | 0.48–1.09 | 0.12 |
| -Other | 309 (46.6%) | 148 (22.3%) | 0.55 | 0.38–0.80 | 0.002 | 206 (31.1%) | 0.84 | 0.60–1.16 | 0.29 |
| Ethnicity: | |||||||||
| -Hispanic | 158 (42.5%) | 101 (27.2%) | 1.41 | 0.91–2.18 | 0.12 | 113 (30.4%) | 1.01 | 0.69–1.48 | 0.96 |
| -Non-Hispanic | 1069 (42.7%) | 656 (26.2%) | Reference | Reference | 780 (31.1%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Sex: | |||||||||
| -Male | 591 (36.7%) | 452 (28.1%) | 1.26 | 0.99–1.61 | 0.07 | 566 (35.2%) | 1.6 | 1.30–1.98 | <0.001 |
| -Female | 639 (50.2%) | 306 (24.0%) | Reference | Reference | 328 (25.8%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Language: | |||||||||
| -English-only | 1041 (41.4%) | 691 (27.5%) | 2.18 | 1.38–3.44 | <0.001 | 785 (31.2%) | 1.65 | 1.14–2.40 | 0.008 |
| -Non-English/Multiple | 180 (51.1%) | 66 (18.8%) | Reference | Reference | 106 (30.1%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Insurance: | |||||||||
| -Private | 440 (42.6%) | 309 (29.9%) | Reference | Reference | Ref | 284 (27.5%) | Reference | Reference | Ref |
| -Public/Medicaid | 771 (42.7%) | 441 (24.5%) | 0.95 | 0.71–1.28 | 0.75 | 592 (32.8%) | 1.35 | 1.04–1.75 | 0.02 |
| Provider Type: | |||||||||
| -Attending Physician | 987 (42.2%) | 644 (27.5%) | N/Ac | N/Ac | N/Ac | 709 (30.3%) | N/Ac | N/Ac | N/Ac |
| -Nurse Practitioner | 174 (47.9%) | 71 (19.6%) | 118 (32.5%) | ||||||
| -Resident | 46 (35.1%) | 35 (26.7%) | 50 (38.2%) | ||||||
| SWYCd Results: | |||||||||
| -Positive SWYC | 234 (14.8%) | 688 (43.4%) | 26.89 | 19.89–36.35 | <0.001 | 664 (41.9%) | 10.9 | 8.72–13.64 | <0.001 |
| -Negative SWYC | 996 (76.9%) | 80 (5.4%) | Reference | Reference | 230 (17.8%) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Median Household Income (Census-Tract Level) quartiles | |||||||||
| 0-25th %ile | 1.04 | 0.66–1.64 | 0.88 | 1.31 | 0.88–1.96 | 0.19 | |||
| 25th-50th %ile | 0.99 | 0.66–1.47 | 0.95 | 1.24 | 1.87–1.75 | 0.24 | |||
| 50-75th %ile | 1.03 | 0.73–1.45 | 0.89 | 1.27 | 0.93–1.73 | 0.13 | |||
| 75-100th %ile | Reference | Reference | Ref | Reference | Reference | Ref | |||
| Continuous Variables (Median, Interquartile Ranges for data not normally distributed) | |||||||||
| M-CHAT-Fe Score | 3 (3–4) | 6 (4–9) | 1.29 | 1.22–1.35 | <0.001 | 4 (3–6) | 1.13 | 1.07–1.19 | <0.001 |
| Median Household Income (Census-Tract Level) | $51,797 ($32737–75,655) | $57,085 ($34,495–78,500) | N/Af | N/Af | N/Af | $50,096 ($31,572–72,584) | N/Af | N/Af | N/Af |
| Age in Months | 19 (18–23) | 19 (18–24) | 1.05 | 1.01–1.09 | 0.02 | 19 (18–23) | 0.98 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.23 |
aAll models adjusted for county and time from study initiation
bReference category in multinomial multivariable logistic regression is group not referred to early intervention prior to or during visit
cVariable not included in multivariable models, as inclusion led to poorer model fit
dSurvey of Wellbeing in Young Children (SWYC)
eModified CHecklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT-F)
fQuartile data for income included in models, as continuous data led to poorer model fit given distribution of sample