Table 5. Multivariable regression analysis: Factors related to likelihood of referral to audiology and for ASD evaluation after positive M-CHAT-F, (n = 2882)a.
| Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis: Nested by Practice Site | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dependent Variable: Referral to Audiology and/or ASD evaluation during visit with positive M-CHAT-F | ||||||
| Referral to Audiology | Referral for ASD Evaluation | |||||
| n = 308 (10.7%) | n = 324 (11.2%) | |||||
| Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Intervals | p value | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Intervals | p value | |
| Race: | ||||||
| -White | Reference | Reference | Ref | Reference | Reference | Ref |
| -Black/African-American | 1.50 | 1.03–2.19 | 0.04 | 1.07 | 0.75–1.52 | 0.73 |
| -Asian | 1.33 | 0.76–2.31 | 0.32 | 0.43 | 0.21–0.86 | 0.02 |
| -Other | 0.75 | 0.47–1.19 | 0.22 | 0.82 | 0.55–1.22 | 0.32 |
| Ethnicity: | ||||||
| -Hispanic | 1.14 | 0.71–1.83 | 0.58 | 1.138 | 0.76–1.84 | 0.47 |
| -Non-Hispanic | Reference | Reference | Ref | Reference | Reference | Ref |
| Sex: | ||||||
| -Male | 1.50 | 1.15–1.95 | 0.003 | 1.27 | 0.98–1.64 | 0.07 |
| -Female | Reference | Reference | Ref | Reference | Reference | |
| Language: | ||||||
| -English-only | 1.24 | 0.74–2.08 | 0.42 | 2.21 | 1.23–3.97 | 0.01 |
| -Non-English/Multiple | Reference | Reference | Ref | Reference | Reference | Ref |
| Insurance: | ||||||
| -Private | 0.74 | 0.53–1.03 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.73–1.36 | 0.98 |
| -Public/Medicaid | Reference | Reference | Ref | Reference | Reference | Ref |
| Median Household Income (Census-Tract Level) quartiles: | ||||||
| 0-25th %ile | 3.10 | 1.92–5.00 | <0.001 | 1.57 | 1.01–2.44 | 0.045 |
| 25th-50th %ile | 1.92 | 1.21–3.04 | 0.01 | 1.43 | 0.96–2.14 | 0.068 |
| 50-75th %ile | 1.59 | 1.02–2.47 | 0.04 | 1.00 | 0.68–1.46 | 0.99 |
| 75-100th %ile | Reference | Reference | Ref | Reference | Reference | Ref |
| SWYCc Results: | ||||||
| -Positive SWYC | 4.45 | 3.21–6.17 | <0.001 | 4.85 | 3.39–6.92 | <0.001 |
| -Negative SWYC | Reference | Reference | Ref | Reference | Reference | Ref |
| M-CHAT-Fd Score (continuous) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.05 | 0.51 | 1.10 | 1.07–1.15 | <0.001 |
| Ref | ||||||
| Age in Months | 0.99 | 0.94–1.03 | 0.49 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | 0.21 |
aAll models adjusted for time from study initiation
bQuartile data for income included in models, as continuous data led to poorer model fit given distribution of sample
cSurvey of Wellbeing in Young Children (SWYC)
dModified CHecklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT-F)