Figure 2. Changes in peripheral blood immune populations throughout pregnancy.

(A) Using all 33 subjects in our study, longitudinal comparisons between visits 1 and 3 (early and late gestation), visits 3 and 4 (late gestation and postpartum), or visits 1 and 4 (early gestation and postpartum) identified 32 subsets of immune cell populations with fold change greater than 1.2 or less than 0.8 and significant differences for at least 1 comparison using Wilcoxon’s signed-rank paired tests (*FDR < 0.05, **FDR < 0.01, and ***FDR < 0.001). T c/s, CD8⁺ T cells (cytotoxic/suppressors). (B) For representative populations that demonstrated different patterns of change, fold changes compared with visit 1 are shown for all 4 visits studied. Type 2 CD4⁺ Tfh cells increased during gestation and declined after parturition. (C) Type 1/17 Tfh cells decreased during gestation and rebounded after parturition. (D) Transitional B cells declined significantly during gestation but increased much more strongly after parturition. See A for FDR-adjusted P values.