Table 1. Nondimensional parameters and their estimated values.

Param.	Definition	Estimated range	Value used
ρm	$≔\frac{r_m}{{\gamma }_p{K}_a}\frac{[P]}{K_P+[P]}$	≈ 10−3±2	10−3
γmp	$≔\frac{{\gamma }_m}{{\gamma }_p}$	≈ 101±0.5	101
ρp	$≔\frac{r_p}{{\gamma }_p}$	≈ 102±0.5	102
[XapR]R	$\frac{[XapR{]}_{tot}}{K_{XapR}}$	≈ 100±2	100
[c]a	$\frac{c}{K_a}$	(∈ [0, 103])	13
kβ,i	$≔\frac{k_{b,i}}{{\gamma }_p}$	≈ 104±1	5 ⋅ 104
kβ,e	$≔\frac{k_{b,e}}{{\gamma }_p}$	≈ 103±2	103
kα	$≔\frac{k_a}{{\gamma }_p}$	≈ 102±0.8	102
kη	$≔\frac{k_{nup}}{{\gamma }_p}$	≈ 100±3	5⋅10−1
ξ	= ξ	≈ 0.8 ± 0.1	0.8
Kβ,i	$≔\frac{K_{b,i}}{K_a}$	≈ 101±2	101
Kβ,e	$≔\frac{K_{b,e}}{K_a}$	≈ 102±2	102
KχA	$≔\frac{K_{xA}}{K_a}$	$\approx {10}^{2\pm 1}\cdot {10}^{\Delta {ϵ}_{\text{x}}-5}$	102
KIA	$≔\frac{K_{xI}}{K_{xA}}$	≈ 102±1	102
Δϵx	≔ βΔEx	≈ 2 to 2(ln(KIA) − 1) < 12	5
Δϵcoop	≔ βΔEcoop	≈ 0 − 10	5

The left column shows all nondimensional parameters that appear in the final equations. In the middle are their definition and estimated values. They are based on γ_p = 5 ⋅ 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹ and K_a = 5 ⋅ 10⁻⁵ M. Note that the range of the three MWC parameters depends on each other, but they can still be chosen independently. The range given for [c]_a denotes the estimated “interesting” range in which switching happens, but [c]_a can of course exceed these values. Details on the parameters and their estimation can be found in S1 Text. Finally, the last column shows the value that we use for the rest of this paper, unless otherwise noted. An explanation of this choice will follow in the next section.