Table 6.

Associations between fMRI data (i.e., percent signal change in significant clusters observed for function switches > single language; i.e., the neural cost of switching with function words) and behavioral measures of language switching.

	Right MFG	Left MFG	Right IFG	Left SMG	English SC ^a	Spanish SC ^a	English MC ^b	Spanish MC ^b	Picture-naming Intrusions ^c	Read-aloud intrusions Eng. default ^d	Read-aloud intrusions Span. default ^d
Right MFG	-
Left MFG	.446^*	-
Right IFG	.727^**	.554^**	-
Left SMG	.485^*	.495^*	0.394	-

English SC ^a	0.400	.466^*	.586^**	.478^*	-
Spanish SC ^a	0.328	0.173	0.164	0.089	0.313	-
English MC ^b	−0.085	−0.260	−0.310	−0.229	0.011	.497^*	-
Spanish MC ^b	0.002	0.100	−0.035	−0.052	0.320	.517^*	.507^*	-
Picture-naming intrusions ^c	−0.190	−0.209	−0.386	0.240	0.054	0.028	0.060	0.030	-

Read-aloud intrusions Eng. default ^d	−0.014	−0.081	0.005	0.210	0.414^*	0.304	0.484^*	0.377	0.383	-
Read-aloud intrusions Span. default ^d	−0.122	−0.189	−0.242	−0.120	0.136	0.287	0.297	0.405	.292^e	0.611^**	-

SC = switch cost in the picture-naming switching task (i.e., RT switch trials – RT stay trials)

MC = mixing cost in the picture-naming switching task (i.e., RT stay trials – RT single trials)

Picture-naming intrusions = incorrect language used on trials in the picture-naming task (e.g., saying cat instead of gato when cued to name a picture in Spanish)

Sum of intrusions and partial intrusions made at all switch points in the read-aloud paragraphs task administered after the fMRI scan

This correlation was 0.622 before an extreme outlier (5 standard deviations above the average amount of picture naming intrusions produced) was removed.

p < .05

^**

< p = .01

^{^}

p = .05.

In bold are correlations that survive FDR correction (p ≤ .029). In gray font are correlations that violate independence and/or within-task correlations that are not of interest.