Table 1.
Effects of covariates and within-and between-person changes in alcohol and cannabis use over 14 years on neuropsychological functioning among adolescents.
| Covariates |
Main Effects: Percent of use days in the past year |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Gendera | Recency of use |
Between-personb | Within-personc | |
|
b (SE) p-value |
b (SE) p-value |
||||
| Alcohol Use | |||||
| Digit Span forward 1 |
0.05 (0.01) <0.0001 |
-- | −0.04 (1.7) 0.326 |
0.07 (0.05) 0.147 |
0.02 (0.02) 0.482 |
| Digit Span backward 1 |
0.17 (0.01) <0.0001 |
-- | -- | 0.04 (0.03) 0.301 |
−0.00 (0.02) 0.891 |
| Digit Symbol 1 |
0.08 (0.01) <0.0001 |
−0.56 (0.11) <0.0001 |
-- | −0.05 (0.04) 0.231 |
−0.02 (0.02) 0.447 |
| Block Design 2 |
0.03 (0.01) 0.002 |
-- | -- | −0.07 (0.04) 0.090 |
−0.05 (0.02) 0.009 |
| List A Trial 5 3 |
0.03 (0.02) 0.022 |
−0.27 (0.17) 0.023 |
-- | 0.02 (0.04) 0.691 |
−0.00 (0.03) 0.903 |
| List A Trials 1–5 total 3 | -- |
−0.28 (0.12) 0.018 |
-- | 0.04 (0.04) 0.356 |
0.01 (0.02) 0.669 |
| Short Delay Free Recall 3 |
0.04 (0.01) 0.010 |
-- | -- | −0.04 (0.05) 0.412 |
−0.02 (0.03) 0.476 |
| Long Delay Free Recall 3 |
0.03 (0.02) 0.047 |
−0.32 (0.13) 0.011 |
-- | 0.01 (0.05) 0.902 |
−0.02 (0.03) 0.527 |
| Inhibition-Color Naming contrast 4 |
−0.13 (0.05) 0.017 |
-- | -- | 0.19 (0.14) 0.192 |
0.03 (0.11) 0.766 |
| Letter-Number Sequencing – Motor Speed contrast 4 |
0.05 (0.01) <0.0001 |
−0.15 (0.06) 0.004 |
-- | −0.01 (0.02) 0.778 |
−0.02 (0.02) 0.293 |
| Cannabis Use | |||||
| Digit Span forward 1 |
0.09 (0.01) <0.0001 |
-- | -- | 0.01 (.04) 0.822 |
0.1 (0.2) 0.427 |
| Digit Span backward 1 |
0.14 (0.01) <0.0001 |
-- | -- | 0.02 (0.03) 0.639 |
0.01 (0.02) 0.565 |
| Digit Symbol 1 |
0.14 (0.01) <0.0001 |
−0.52 (0.10) <0.0001 |
-- | −0.06 (0.03) 0.096 |
0.02 (0.02) 0.187 |
| Block Design 2 |
0.10 (0.01) <0.0001 |
-- | -- |
−0.08 (0.04) 0.031 |
0.00 (0.1) 0.816 |
| List A Trial 5 3 |
0.04 (0.01) <0.0001 |
−0.27 (0.11) 0.011 |
-- | −0.02 (0.04) 0.497 |
−0.02 (0.02) 0.333 |
| List A Trials 1–5 total 3 | -- |
−0.31 (0.11) 0.006 |
−0.04 (0.04) 0.316 |
−0.00 (0.02) 0.993 |
|
| Short Delay Free Recall 3 |
0.04 (0.01) <0.0001 |
-- | -- | −0.04 (0.04) 0.242 |
0.02 (0.02) 0.385 |
| Long Delay Free Recall 3 |
0.03 (0.01) 0.001 |
−0.22 (0.11) 0.041 |
-- | −0.012 (0.04) 0.693 |
−0.00 (0.02) 0.635 |
| Inhibition-Color Naming contrast 4 |
−0.49 (0.04) <0.0001 |
-- | -- |
0.52 (0.14) <0.0001 |
−0.09 (0.09) <0.321 |
| Letter-Number Sequencing – Motor Speed contrast 4 |
−0.05 (0.01) <0.0001 |
−0.13 (0.06) 0.017 |
-- | −0.01 (0.02) 0.656 |
0.01 (.01) 0.622 |
Note: Bolded values are statistically significant, p < .05. Age, sex, and alcohol/cannabis use recency were included as covariates and retained in final full models if only statistically significant. Covariates removed in the final model are indicated with “--” in the appropriate cell.
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Third Edition at baseline, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition at follow-up
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
California Verbal Learning Test - Children’s Version at baseline, California Verbal Learning Test – Second Edition at follow-up
Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System
Positive values indicate better performance by men
Between-person differences in overall alcohol or marijuana use frequency in the past year
Within-person differences in yearly alcohol or marijuana frequency compared to the year prior