Table 1.
Demographic, Laboratory, and Cinical Findings of Patients With COVID-19 at Presentation
| Variable | Total, n = 1059 | Outpatient, n = 291 | Inpatient, n = 768 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 61.1 (18.3) | 51.6 (17.8) | 64.7 (17.1) | .000 |
| Diagnostic delay, da | 7.4 (6.1) | 7.2 (8.2) | 7.5 (5.3) | .526 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.8 (8.3) | 28.2 (8.2) | 29 (8.3) | .368 |
| Male | 611 (57.7) | 145 (49.8) | 466 (60.7) | .001 |
| Race/ethnicity | .119 | |||
| White/Caucasian | 352 (45) | 106 (46) | 246 (44) | |
| Black/African American | 136 (17) | 48 (21) | 88 (15) | |
| Asian | 106 (13) | 28 (12) | 78 (14) | |
| Other | 198 (25) | 47 (21) | 151 (27) | |
| Preexisting comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 506 (47.8) | 90 (30.9) | 416 (54.2) | .000 |
| Diabetes | 274 (25.9) | 43 (14.8) | 231 (30.1) | .000 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 131 (12.4) | 21 (7.2) | 110 (14.3) | .002 |
| Cardio-vascular disease | 193 (18.2) | 32 (11) | 161 (21) | .000 |
| COPD/Asthma | 123 (11.6) | 27 (9.3) | 96 (12.5) | .146 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 46 (4.3) | 6 (2.1) | 40 (5.2) | .031 |
| VTE | 68 (6.4) | 8 (2.7) | 60 (7.8) | .004 |
| Cancer | 120 (11.3) | 24 (8.2) | 96 (12.5) | .053 |
| IBD | 17 (1.6) | 2 (0.7) | 15 (2) | .162 |
| Chronic liver disease | 32 (3) | 8 (2.7) | 24 (3.1) | .750 |
| Solid organ transplantation | 26 (2.5) | 2 (0.7) | 24 (3.1) | .037 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| fever | 253 (26.8) | 58 (26.7) | 195 (26.8) | .987 |
| Respiratory rate | 20.6 (5.4) | 18.7 (4.1) | 21.1 (5.6) | .000 |
| Heart rate | 94.2 (18.9) | 93.9 (17.1) | 94.3 (19.5) | .762 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 93.5 (14.4) | 95.1 (15) | 93 (14.2) | .062 |
| Hypoxia on presentation | .000 | |||
| No | 150 (71) | 250 (35) | ||
| Moderate | 48 (23) | 236 (33) | ||
| Severe | 14 (7) | 230 (32) | ||
| Symptoms | ||||
| Fever | 717 (67.7) | 187 (64.3) | 530 (69) | .140 |
| Cough | 682 (64.4) | 179 (61.5) | 503 (65.5) | .227 |
| Shortness of breath | 625 (59) | 119 (40.9) | 506 (65.9) | .000 |
| Myalgia/fatigue | 300 (28.3) | 89 (30.6) | 211 (27.5) | .316 |
| Anorexia | 240 (22.7) | 50 (17.2) | 190 (24.7) | .009 |
| Altered mental status | 135 (12.7) | 21 (7.2) | 114 (14.8) | .001 |
| Nausea | 168 (15.9) | 45 (15.5) | 123 (16) | .826 |
| Vomiting | 91 (8.6) | 24 (8.2) | 67 (8.7) | .805 |
| Diarrhea | 234 (22.1) | 47 (16.2) | 187 (24.3) | .004 |
| Abdominal pain | 72 (6.8) | 16 (5.5) | 56 (7.3) | .302 |
| Anosmia | 51 (4.8) | 21 (7.2) | 30 (3.9) | .027 |
| Dysgeusia | 57 (5.4) | 20 (6.9) | 37 (4.8) | .188 |
| Anticoagulant | 168 (15.9) | 22 (7.6) | 146 (19) | .000 |
| Aspirin | 124 (11.7) | 17 (5.8) | 107 (13.9) | .000 |
| NSAIDs | 119 (11.2) | 22 (7.6) | 97 (12.6) | .021 |
| Chronic steroids | 41 (3.9) | 3 (1) | 38 (4.9) | .008 |
| Immunosuppressant | 34 (3.2) | 4 (1.4) | 30 (3.9) | .046 |
| statin | 307 (29) | 46 (15.8) | 261 (34) | .000 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| White blood cell count, × 103 | 7.6 (6.1) | 6.1 (2.5) | 8 (6.6) | .000 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count, × 103 | 1.3 (2.8) | 1.6 (3.9) | 1.3 (2.5) | .163 |
| Absolute neutrophil count, × 103 | 7.9 (12.7) | 6.6 (11.9) | 8.2 (12.8) | .141 |
| Platelet count, × 103 | 214.5 (100.2) | 201.9 (89.9) | 217.4 (102.2) | .074 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 1 (5.5) | 0.4 (1.5) | 1.1 (5.9) | .219 |
| D-dimer, ng/mL | 1800.2 (5046.7) | 926.6 (2277.1) | 1901.4 (5266.7) | .201 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 14.8 (13.5) | 8.2 (9.4) | 15.8 (13.8) | .000 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/hr | 69.7 (33.6) | 50.8 (31.4) | 72.2 (33.2) | .000 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 497.2 (939.6) | 357.6 (179.1) | 518.9 (1006) | .139 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 1259.6 (2081.9) | 841.9 (1495.2) | 1314.9 (2142.7) | .088 |
| Troponin I, ng/mL | 0.9 (17.4) | 0.1 (0.2) | 1 (18.7) | .658 |
| Creatine kinase, U/L | 355.4 (739.4) | 216.2 (274.3) | 369.8 (770.5) | .211 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 81 (151.9) | 6 (1.7) | 83.9 (154.2) | .387 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.3 (0.6) | 3.6 (0.7) | 3.2 (0.6) | .000 |
| Total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.7 (0.6) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.6) | .017 |
| ALT, U/L | 49.5 (64.9) | 42.2 (48.3) | 51 (67.7) | .142 |
| AST, U/L | 59.5 (78.5) | 46.4 (56.2) | 62.1 (82.1) | .030 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 88.1 (74.1) | 82.7 (49.6) | 89.2 (78.2) | .342 |
| INR | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.3 (0.7) | .286 |
| aPTT, s | 30.5 (14.8) | 28.4 (10.5) | 30.8 (15.3) | .182 |
NOTE. Data are mean (SD), n (%), or n/N (%). P values were calculated using Student t and χ2 tests.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IL, interleukin; INR, international normalized ratio; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; VTE, venous thromboembolism.
a
Diagnostic delay defined as time between first symptom and performing the first COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction test.