Table 3.

Adverse cardiovascular effects of drugs investigated for COVID-19 treatment

Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine	Use carefully in patients with previous heart disease, with QT at the upper limit of normal or under treatment with QT interval-prolonging agents*, electrolyte abnormalities (particularly, hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia), clinically relevant bradycardia, arrhythmia, or severe heart failure.
	The dosage must be adjusted in chronic kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate < 50 mL/min)
Lopinavir/ritonavir	Use carefully in patients with previous heart disease, with QT already at the upper limit of normal or under treatment with QT interval-prolonging agents*, electrolyte abnormalities (particularly, hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia), clinically relevant bradycardia, arrhythmia, or severe heart failure.
Azithromycin	Chronic kidney disease, fulminant hepatitis; carefully in patients with arrhythmogenic diseases (particularly, female and elderly patients): congenital or confirmed QT interval prolongation*, electrolyte abnormalities (particularly, hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia), clinically relevant bradycardia, arrhythmia, or severe heart failure
Remdesivir	Hypotension during infusion. Unknown CV interactions
Tocilizumab	Hypertriglyceridemia, elevated transaminases. Unknown CV interactions
Interferon β-1b	Flu-like illness. Liver failure. No CV interactions reported
Cyclosporin	Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia

CV, cardiovascular.

^*QT interval-prolonging agents: class I A (quinidine and procainamide) and III (dofetilide, amiodarone, and sotalol) antiarrhythmics, cisapride, terfenadine, antipsychotics such as pimozide, antidepressants such as citalopram, and fluoroquinolones such as moxifloxacin and levofloxacin.