Table 3.
Recent Studies on Bi-reforming of Biogas to Syngas
| Catalyst | Reaction Conditions | CH4 Conv. (%) | CO2 Conv. (%) | H2/CO | Coke Rate (gcoke/(gcat∗h)) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NiO/MgO | 830°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 3/1.2/2.4, 60,000 mL∗g−1h−1, 7 bar, tubular flow reactor | 71 | ~73 | 2.0 | – | (Olah et al., 2013) |
| LaSrNi/Al/SiC | 850°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/0.34/1.2, 18,000 mL∗g−1h−1, 1 bar, fixed-bed Incoloy reactor | 95 | 34 | 2.1 | Negligible | (Kim et al., 2015) |
| Ni/Al2O3 | 850°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/1/2, fixed-bed reactor | ~99 | ~47 | ~1.5 | – | (Park et al., 2015) |
| Mo2C-Ni/ZrO2 | 850°C, CH4/CO2/H2O/N2 = 1/0.4/0.8/1.6, 60,000 mL∗g−1h−1, 1 bar, quartz tube fixed-bed reactor | ~98 | ~79 | ~1.9 | ~6 × 10−3 | (Li et al., 2015b) |
| NiO/MgO | 830°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 3/1/2, 600,000 mL∗g−1h−1, 7 bar, tubular flow reactor | ~70 | ~72 | 2.0 | ~7.3 × 10−5 | (Olah et al., 2015) |
| NiO/MgO | 830°C, CH4/CO2/H2O/N2 = 3/1/2/2.25, 60,000 mL∗g−1h−1, 1 bar, tubular flow reactor | 86 | 94 | ~1.9 | ~7.3 × 10−5 | (Olah et al., 2015) |
| La0.9Ce0.1NiO3 | 800°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/1/1, 3,000 h−1, 1 bar, fixed-bed down flow reactor | 100 | ~61 | – | Negligible | (Yang et al., 2015) |
| Ni/ZrO2 | 850°C, CH4/CO2/H2O/N2 = 1/0.8/0.4/0.2, 48,000 mL∗g−1h−1, 1 bar, quartz tube fixed-bed reactor | ~90 | ~88 | 1.1 | 5 × 10−5 | (Li et al., 2015a) |
| LA-Ni/ZrO2 (ligand-assisted) | 850°C, CH4/CO2/H2O/N2 = 1/0.8/0.4/0.2, 48,000 mL∗g−1h−1, 1 bar, quartz tube fixed-bed reactor | ~94 | ~92 | 1.1 | 1.7 × 10−4 | (Li et al., 2015a) |
| Ni/SBA-15 | 800°C, 36,000 mL∗g−1h−1, 1 bar, quartz tube fixed-bed reactor | ~62 | ~59 | 2.1 | – | (Singh et al., 2018) |
| Ni/La-Si | 800°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/0.4/0.8, 1.584 × 105 mL∗g−1h−1, 1 bar, fixed-bed quartz reactor | ~90 | ~75 | ~2.0 | 4.7 × 10−4 | (Chen et al., 2019) |
| B-Ni/SBA-15 | 800°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/0.33/0.67, 36,000 mL∗g−1h−1, 1 bar, packed-bed quartz reactor | ~67 | ~60 | ~2.7 | – | (Siang et al., 2019) |
| Ni/MgAl2O4 | 700°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/0.52/3.71, fixed-bed reactor | ~98 | ~60 | ~2.6 | – | (Rahmat et al., 2019) |
| Mo2C-Ni/ZrO2 | 700°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/0.4/0.8, 1 bar, quartz tube fixed-bed reactor, 36,000 mL/(g∗h) | ~74 | ~54 | – | Negligible | (Ren and Zhao, 2019) |
| Ni/Mg-Al mixed oxide | 775°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/0.4/0.73, 1 bar, fixed-bed reactor, 86,000 h−1 | 73 | 64 | 2.0 | – | (Li and van Veen, 2018) |