Table 5.
Recent Studies on Low-temperature Biogas Reforming to Syngas
| Catalyst | Reaction Conditions | CH4 Conv. (%) | CO2 Conv. (%) | H2/CO | Coke Rate (gcoke/(gcat∗h)) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ni-Pt/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 | 430°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, ~60,000 h−1, 1 bar, u-tube reactor | 8 | 14 | 0.4 | 5.5 × 10−4 | (Sokefun et al., 2019) |
| ZrOx/Ni-MnOx/SiO2 | 400°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, 1 bar, fixed-bed reactor | 3 | 5 | 0.6 | 1 × 10−3 | (Yao et al., 2017) |
| ZrOx/Ni-MnOx/SiO2 | 500°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, 1 bar, fixed-bed reactor | 18 | 23 | 0.6 | 1.4 × 10−3 | (Yao et al., 2017) |
| Ni0.22La0.025/Mg0.53Al0.225 | 550°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, 20,000 h−1, tubular quartz reactor | ~32 | ~35 | ~0.9 | ~0.84 | (Liu et al., 2016) |
| Ni-Mg-Al hydrotalcite | 550°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, 20,000 h−1, tubular quartz reactor | ~40 | ~40 | ~1.0 | – | (Dębek et al., 2016) |
| Rh-Co/SBA-15 | 550°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, 67 L∗(g∗h)−1, 1 bar | ~50 | ~43 | ~1.1 | – | (El Hassan et al., 2016) |
| Ni/Al2O3-MgO | Room temperature, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, 364 h−1, 300 J/mL, 1 bar, dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor | 75 | 73 | 1.0 | ~3.7 × 10−3 | (Khoja et al., 2018) |
| La2O3/Al2O3 | 25°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/2, 24 kv, 8 W, 800 Hz, plasma discharge coaxial packed-bed reactor | 33 | 12 | 0.67 | – | (Yap et al., 2018) |
| La2O3/Al2O3 | 300°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/2, 22 kv, 8 W, 800 Hz, plasma discharge coaxial packed-bed reactor | 48 | 10 | 0.63 | – | (Yap et al., 2018) |
| Ni-K/Al2O3 | 160°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/0.67, 16 W, coaxial dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor | 32 | 23 | 1.9 | 0.035 | (Zeng et al., 2018) |
| NiFe2O4#SiO2 | ~193°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, 160 W, coaxial dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor | 80 | 70 | 1.0 | 1.2 × 10−4 | (Zheng et al., 2015) |
| Ni-La/ZrO2 | 311°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, 7 mA, 0.8 kV, 5.6 W, reactor with electric field | 34 | 43 | 0.8 | – | (Yabe et al., 2017) |
| No catalyst | ~387°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, 92 h−1, 370 J/mL, dielectric barrier discharge plasma alumina reactor | 74 | 68 | ~0.9 | – | (Khoja et al., 2017) |
| Ag-La loaded protonated carbon nitrides nanotubes (pCNNT) | 100°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, fixed-bed reactor, visible light from solar simulator, 1 bar | – | – | 0.2 | – | (Tahir et al., 2019) |
| Ni-CeO2-Al2O3 | 550°C, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, fixed-bed reactor | ~36 | ~41 | ~0.9 | – | (Liang et al., 2020) |
| Cu19.8Ru0.2 | Room temperature, CH4/CO2 = 1/1, Harrick reactor, white light, 1 bar, 19.2 W/cm2 | ~58 | – | ~1.0 | (Zhou et al., 2020) | |
| Rh/La2O3-ZrO2 | 400°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/1/3, 30,000 h−1, 1 bar, fixed-bed tubular reactor | ~9 | – | – | – | (Angeli et al., 2016) |
| Pt-NiMg/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 | 500°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/1/1, 136,000 h−1, 1 bar | 78 | 32 | 1.2 | – | (Elsayed et al., 2018) |
| Pt-NiMg/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 | 500°C, CH4/CO2/H2O = 1/0.33/0.67, 136,000 h−1, 1 bar | 33 | 36 | 1.9 | Negligible | (Elsayed et al., 2018) |
| Ni@SiO2 | 550°C, 1 bar, CH4/CO2/O2/H2O = 1/0.5/0.1/0.5, fixed-bed reactor | ~23 | ~3 | ~3.6 | 0.025 | (Majewski and Wood, 2014) |
| Ni-Mg/La0.1Zr0.9O2-x | 200°C, 3 mA, 60,000 mL∗(g∗h)−1, CH4/CO2/O2/H2O = 1/0.33/0.17/0.33, fixed-bed reactor with electric field | ~12 | – | 3.2 | – | (Yabe et al., 2018) |
| Ni-Mg/La0.1Zr0.9O2 | 200°C, CH4/CO2/O2/H2O = 1/0.33/0.17/0.33, 3.0 mA, 2.3 W, fixed-bed reactor with electric field | 30 | – | 1.9 | – | (Oguri et al., 2017) |
See also Table S2.