Table 9.
Techno-economics Analysis of Biogas Conversion
| Product | Product Price | Conversion Process | Conversion Efficiency (%) | Payback Period (year) | Other | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electricity | – | Use an engine | ~35 | <10 | Small scale cattle farms | (White et al., 2011) |
| Electricity | 0.067 $/kWh | Engine with electric generator | 20.8 | ~4–8 | Small pig farm | (Pipatmanomai et al., 2009) |
| H2 | ~9.99 $/kg | Biogas dry reforming and steam-iron process | >45 | – | Plant model (1,350 kg/h biogas) | (Lachén et al., 2018) |
| H2 | – | Steam reforming, shift reaction, and PSA | 79 | 7 | Large-scale wastewater plant (generating ~4019 m3/day biogas) | (Madeira et al., 2017) |
| H2 | – | Biogas autothermal reforming | 65 | – | BioRobur plant (generating 100 Nm3/h H2) | (Montenegro Camacho et al., 2017) |
| Methanol | 0.9 $/gallon | Biogas cleaning/reforming and methanol synthesis | – | – | Plant model (12,080,000 m3/year biogas) | (Hernández and Martín, 2016) |
| Methanol | ~400 $/metric ton | Biogas cleaning/reforming and methanol synthesis | – | Not economically feasible | Large-scale plant (generating 5,900 Nm3/h biogas) | (Sheets and Shah, 2018) |
| Liquid fuel | ~0.79 $/kg (diesel) | Tri-reforming and FTS | 54 (carbon conversion efficiency) | Not economically feasible | Plant model (27.22 kg/s CO2 rich natural gas) | (Graciano et al., 2018) |
| Liquid fuel | – | Tri-reforming and FTS | 45 | – | Commercial scale plant (2,500 scfm LFG) | (Zhao et al., 2019a) |
| Liquid fuel | – | Biogas cleaning/reforming, FTS, hydrocracking, and distillation | 54 (mass basis) | – | Plant model (2,000 Nm3/h biogas) | (Okeke and Mani, 2017) |
| Compressed natural gas | – | Gas pressurizing and impurity removal | – | – | Medium-sized landfill model | (Winslow et al., 2019) |
| Wax | ~2.77 $/kg | Biogas steam reforming, FTS, and product separation | 56 | ~7 | Small-scale plant model (~200 kg/h biogas) | (Herz et al., 2017) |
See also Table S4.