TABLE 1.
Delivery of subcellular components underlying MSC‐base therapy‐mediated protection against AKI
| Substances delivered | Reference | Year | Sample | Model | Stem cells source | Cellular structures | Delivered subcellular components | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delivery of miRNA | Lindoso 50 | 2014 | PTECs | I/R | MSCs | EVs | miR‐148b‐3p, miR‐410, miR‐495 and miR‐548c‐5p | ↑miR‐148b‐3p, miR‐410, miR‐495 and miR‐548c‐5p; ↑Cell viability |
| Gu 51 | 2016 | Rats | I/R | WJ‐MSCs | EVs | miR‐30 | ↑miR‐30; ↓DRP‐1; ↓Mitochondrial fission; ↓Apoptosis; ↑Renal function | |
| Zhu 52 | 2019 | Mice | I/R | BM‐MSCs | EXs | miR‐199a‐3p | ↑miR‐199a‐3p; ↓Sema3A; ↑AKT and ERK signalling activation; ↓Apoptosis; ↑Renal function | |
| Delivery of mRNA | Ragni 53 | 2017 | PTECs | Cisplatin | BM‐MSCs | EVs | IL‐10 mRNA | ↑IL‐10; ↑Cell viability |
| Tomasoni 54 | 2013 | PTECs | Cisplatin | BM‐MSCs | EXs | IGF‐1R mRNA | ↑IGF‐1R; ↑Cell proliferation | |
| Ju 56 | 2015 | Rats | I/R | UC‐MSCs | MVs | Human HGF mRNA | ↑HGF; ↑ERK1/2 signalling activation; ↓Apoptosis; ↑Proliferation; ↓Fibrosis; ↑Renal function | |
| Du 57 | 2013 | Rats | I/R | WJ‐MSCs | NM | Human HGF mRNA | ↑HGF; ↓Tubular EMT; ↓Fibrosis; | |
| Bruno 59 | 2009 | Mice | Glycerol | BM‐MSCs | MVs | Human POLR2E mRNA | ↑POLR2E; ↑Proliferation, ↓Apoptosis, ↑Renal function | |
| Bruno 60 | 2012 | Mice | Cisplatin | BM‐MSCs | MVs | Human POLR2E mRNA | ↑POLR2E; ↓Apoptosis; ↑Renal function | |
| Choi 61 | 2014 | Mice | I/R | K‐MSCs | MVs | mRNA | ↑Proliferation; ↑Anti‐apoptosis; ↑Angiogenesis; ↓ Microvascular rarefaction; ↑Renal function | |
| Delivery of proteins | Wang 63 | 2018 | HK‐2 cells | Cisplatin | UC‐MSCs | EXs | 14‐3‐3ζ | ↑14‐3‐3ζ; ↓Apoptosis; ↑Proliferation; ↑Autophagy |
| Yuan 64 | 2017 | Rats | I/R | iPSC‐MSCs | EVs | SP1 | ↑SP1‐SK1–S1P signalling pathway; ↓Necroptosis; ↓Oxidative stress; ↓Pathological score; ↑Renal function | |
| Hagiwara 67 | 2008 | Rats | I/R | BM‐MSCs | NM | TK | Expression of human TK; ↓Apoptosis; ↓Inflammatory cell infiltration; ↓ROS; ↓Tubular injury scores; ↑Renal function | |
| Delivery of organelles | Liu 74 | 2014 | HUVECs | I/R | MSCs | TNTs | Mitochondion | ↓Apoptosis; ↑Cell viability |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; BM‐MSCs, bone marrow‐derived MSCs; EMT, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition; EVs, extracellular vesicles; EXs, exosomes; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; I/R, ischaemia/reperfusion; IGF‐1R, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 receptor; iPSC‐MSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells derived MSCs; K‐MSCs, kidney‐derived MSCs; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; MVs, microvesicles; NM, not mentioned; PTECs, proximal tubular epithelial cells; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SP1, specificity protein 1; TK, tissue kallikrein; TNTs, tunnelling nanotubes; UC‐MSCs, umbilical cord‐derived MSCs; WJ‐MSCs, wharton's jelly‐derived MSCs.