Table 2.
Biomarkers for models
| Serological biomarker variables | Males | Females |
|---|---|---|
| Oestrone (pg/mL) | – | 42.67 ± 72.91 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 93.75 ± 11.58* | 90.91 ± 13.53* |
| Hormone replacement therapy | – | 0.27 ± 0.44 |
| Insulin-like growth factor-1 (ng/ml) | 147.42 ± 52.04* | 122.94 ± 49.73* |
| IGF binding protein-3 (mcg/ml) | 3.13 ± 0.78* | 3.60 ± 0.80* |
| Insulin (mIU/L) | 9.25 ± 7.29 | 8.10 ± 6.23 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 7.76 ± 4.97* | 20.03 ± 14.38* |
| Soluble interleukin-2 receptor (U/ml) | 684.18 ± 318.29 | 603.45 ± 729.79 |
| Soluble interleukin-6 receptor (U/ml) | 114.21 ± 73.06 | 122.90 ± 75.65 |
| Testosterone (ng/dL) | 419.31 ± 151.46* | 13.83 ± 15.83* |
| Haematocrit (%) | 46.32 ± 3.99* | 43.48 ± 3.22* |
| Vitamin C (mg/dL) | 1.31 ± 0.36* | 1.42 ± 0.41* |
| Serum iron (mcg/dL) | 90.37 ± 28.83* | 85.28 ± 25.82* |
| Total iron binding capacity (μg/dL) | 285.66 ± 41.61* | 294.27 ± 40.69* |
| Vitamin B12 (ng/mL) | 478.37 ± 234.29* | 551.27 ± 316.72* |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 113.93 ± 113.24* | 90.96 ± 112.63* |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.04 ± 0.36* | 9.16 ± 0.39* |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195.86 ± 34.91* | 217.52 ± 36.11* |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.28 ± 0.36 | 4.22 ± 0.51 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 133.44 ± 78.66* | 150.94 ± 88.37* |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.20 ± 0.23* | 0.96 ± 0.16* |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51.30 ± 11.85* | 64.91 ± 14.64* |
| Haemoglobin (gm/dL) | 15.40 ± 1.34* | 14.24 ± 1.20* |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (units/L) | 233.33 ± 128.03 | 248.20 ± 128.75 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 108.24 ± 26.61 | 113.70 ± 32.16 |
| Lymphocytes – absolute (K/MCL) | 1.54 ± 0.46* | 1.84 ± 0.86* |
| Mean corpuscular volume (fL/red cell) | 92.44 ± 4.35* | 91.21 ± 4.19* |
| Platelets (K/uL) | 221.39 ± 56.82* | 271.21 ± 124.25* |
| Red blood cell count (mcL) | 4.87 ± 0.45 | 4.74 ± 2.65 |
| Total protein levels (g/dL) | 6.84 ± 0.46 | 6.84 ± 0.46 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 6.01 ± 1.24* | 4.86 ± 1.21* |
| White blood cell count (109/L) | 5.90 ± 1.41 | 5.99 ± 1.64 |
| Body composition biomarkers | Males | Females |
| Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 23.56 ± 3.38* | 15.13 ± 2.05* |
| Bone mineral content lumbar spine (g) | 76.05 ± 16.89* | 50.63 ± 12.84* |
| Total bone mineral content (g) | 2942.66 ± 448.44* | 1995.88 ± 321.16* |
| Bone mineral content Ward’s triangle (g) | 2.73 ± 0.70* | 1.79 ± 0.50* |
| Bone mineral density lumbar spine (SD) | 1.23 ± 0.22* | 1.02 ± 0.19* |
| Total bone mineral density (SD) | 1.18 ± 0.10* | 1.03 ± 0.10* |
| Bone mineral density (SD) | 0.87 ± 0.14* | 0.66 ± 0.11* |
| Bone mineral density Ward’s triangle (SD) | 0.73 ± 0.15* | 0.63 ± 0.13* |
| Height (cm) | 174.19 ± 7.35* | 159.26 ± 6.61* |
| Weight (kg) | 77.45 ± 13.22* | 63.60 ± 11.40* |
| Total fat mass (kg) | 20.64 ± 7.81* | 24.20 ± 8.43* |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 53.38 ± 8.14* | 36.84 ± 4.50* |
| Lean mass (kg) | 54.01 ± 6.63* | 36.79 ± 3.92* |
| Total soft tissue (kg) | 74.65 ± 11.92* | 61.03 ± 10.55* |
Mean ± St. deviation unless stated otherwise. Bold and * = significant sex difference p < 0.05